That is, when there is possession expressed, and the objects possessed (l'enfant, les fleurs) are nominative to the following verbs (demeure, sont), such is the order :-1. Dont. 2. The article (l', les). 3. The objects possessed (enfant, fleurs). 4. The verbs, &c. (demeure, sont). THIRD CASE. The 139. La personne, | dont j'élève l'enfant, | m'a écrit, person, whose child I bring up, has written to me. Le jardin, dont j'admire les fleurs, est grand, The garden, the flowers of which I admire, is large. That is, when the objects possessed (l'enfant, les fleurs) are the accusative to the verbs (j'élève, admire). The order is as follows: 1. Dont. 2. The nominative (je). 3. The verbs (élève, admire). 4. The accusatives (l'enfant, les fleurs). FOURTH CASE. 140. La personne, | à l'enfant de qui je donne des leçons, | m'a écrit, The person, to whose child I give lessons, has written to me. That is, when the noun, denoting the object possessed (l'enfant), comes with a verb requiring a preposition (donner à). The order is as follows: 1. The preposition with the article (à l'). 2. The object possessed (enfant). 3. De qui. 4. The verb, &c. (je donne). 141. If things, instead of persons, be mentioned, the same order of words ought to be observed, only that duquel, de laquelle, &c., ought to be placed No. 3, in lieu of de qui. La table, aux pieds de laquelle j'ai mis des roulettes, | m'est utile, The table, to the legs of which I have put castors, is useful to me. 142. Dont is never used interrogatively: therefore "Whose," when interrogative,* is translated by de qui (or) à qui. "Of which "* by duquel. * From the difference of meanings which may be implied by the following examples, we shall perceive the necessity of observing the constructions explained in the above rule (No. 142). Whose portrait is that? A qui est ce portrait-là ? .(to whom does it belong?) De qui est ce portrait-là ? ...(who is the artist ?) Le portrait de qui est-ce ?.....(whose likeness is it?) (Place also de qui after abstract nouns and those of relationship). Of all the modern poets, to whose works do you give the preference? Now you have bought several houses; for the embellishment of which do you mean to spend so much money? Whose hat is that? A qui est ce chapeau? De tous les poètes modernes, aux ouvrages de qui (or duquel) donnez-vous la préférence? A present que vous avez acheté plusieurs maisons; pour l'embellissement de laquelle vous proposezvous de dépenser tant d'argent? For whose portrait have you given a hundred guineas? EXERCISE. The ladies and gentlemen about whom you were speaking to me 137 parler de * will dine with us to-day. Is that the horse you think so much of? | faire tant de cas de contribute very much to Est-ce là The fortune and good health you enjoy, jouir de your happiness. Here is the money you | want. avoir besoin de * There is a young gentleman whose appearance prepossesses in his favour; but prévenir en monsieur 138 by the side of him is a young lady whose manners are repulsive. à côté repoussant. agrees with that of the paper s'accorder celle of the room. (139.) The person, whose horse I have hired, is arrived coolness. I know a froideur. admiring, but whose temper so much,' received me with a great deal of I heartily sincèrement beaucoup de s'empêcher detest. The children to whose whims we only become more en deviennent que plus discern 140 submit se soumettre à jugement tyrannical, when they have not sense our kindness. The Loire, into the bed of f. enough to 35 pour s'apercevoir de which many rivers3 flow,' is very beautiful. Is that the carriage, 141 * As dont implies, and in fact includes, the preposition de and the pronoun, the Learner is not of course to repeat de: and he is to pay no regard to whatever prepo sition the Engli-h verb requires, provided the French verb requires de. Of lequel. 143. LEQUEL, which, when used affirmatively, stands for a noun already mentioned, and agrees with it in gender and number. It refers to persons* and things, and is always preceded by the preposition required by the verb. La plume avec laquelle j'écris-(écrire avec), INTERROGATIVELY. 144. LEQUEL? which? when used interrogatively, serves to distinguish one or more objects from among many, and, as well as when in the affirmative, admits of any preposition. In this case, both lequel and which may be applied to persons and things. De tous ces messieurs, lequel connaissez-vous? Of all those gentlemen, which do you know? Voilà trois maisons; dans laquelle voulez-vous demeurer? De toutes ces personnes, à laquelle vous êtes-vous adressé ? Voilà plusieurs pinceaux, duquel voulez-vous vous servir? 145. Lequel is sometimes used instead of qui or que, for the purpose of avoiding ambiguity. Voltaire a fait des remarques sur l'histoire, lesquelles †ont ouvert les yeux de toutes les nations. (instead of qui) Voltaire made remarks on history which opened the eyes of nations. Il a prononcé un discours sur la littérature, lequel † j'ai lu avec plaisir. (instead of que) He delivered a discourse on literature which I read with pleasure. * Although we may say, "la personne avec laquelle je me promene," it is better to say, la personne avec qui; that is, qui (with a preposition) when speaking of persons is to be preferred to lequel. + Because qui and que, referring, as before said, each to its antecedent (l'histoire and littérature) would here not only cause ambiguity but be nonsense; whereas, lesquelles, lequel, referring to remarques and discours, with which they agree, are evidently agreeable to the meaning of the sentences. EXERCISE. The penknife with which I make my pen is blunt. The needle you sew with is too thick. The house to which I have added two wings. The books | out of which I make my extracts are very dans ailes entertaining and very useful. Here are many ladies; with which will amusants Voilà 144. you dance? I have already engaged one. prier 97 Which? Which town in de Europe should you prefer to live in? You saw a great number of statues; to which do you give the preference? Of quel. F 146. QUEL, what,† is mostly used in the interrogative, and placed before a substantive,‡ with which it agrees in gender and number. N.B. Quel, like all other pronouns, should be repeated. EXERCISE What goods marchandises have you bought? What news have you received? f. pl. f. pl. Which picture do you prefer? Which lace shall you wear? dentelle porter? Which boots and shoes shall I give you? What a fine diamond! *Note †, p. 56, is applicable to all relative pronouns. It also sometimes means which, as in sentences like the following-Which book do you like best?-Quel livre aimez-vous le mieux? Exceptions: être, devoir, and pouvoir sometimes come immediately after quel. Quel doit être le sentiment d'un père!.. What is your opinion? What must be a father's feelings! What a large garden! What kind people! What misfortunes he has bon gens, f. grand experienced! What a man! What is your address? What | must éprouver, pl. adresse, f. have been his idea? What could be his motive? a 148. QUOI, what, is used both affirmatively and interrogatively; it refers only to objects without life, not named, and merely alluded to. When used with verbs, it never comes but with those requiring a preposition. When affirmative, it is always preceded either by ce, c'est, or voilà. Ce à quoi vous vous amusez est indigne de votre attention-(s'amuser à), What you are amused with is not worthy of your attention. C'est à quoi je m'applique-(s'appliquer à), It is what I apply to. 149. When quoi is used interrogatively, it begins the sentence, still preceded by the preposition, required by the verb. A quoi vous amusez-vous? What are you amused with? EXERCISE. Give me that, if you please. No, I cannot; it is what I get my gagner put my watch into.t Do not take that away, it is what I write upon. What did you do this with? Into what shall I pour this? What is that good for?‡ |