That picture is by a great artist, but I see no beauty in it. I have

looked at his exercise, and have found a great many mistakes. That

*

country is in a state of revolution, do not go there. No, we are not

going. I have not yet been to the play;

spectacle, m.

will you take

me? Yes,

mener

we will go together. Well, if we do go, let us set off now.

102

*

partir.

OF de moi, de toi, &c., AND OF en.

95. With a verb, requiring de, we say de moi, de toi, de lui, d'elle, de nous, de vous, d'eux, d'elles, after the verb, when speaking of persons; as,—

You speak of me, of him.
I am busy about thee, them.

N.B. But when de moi, de toi, &c., have just been mentioned, en may be used for persons.

GENERAL RULE.-When (still with a verb requiring de) we have been speaking of things, with respect to quantity, or number;-or when we imply separation, we use en before the verb. See No. 99.)

96. When referring to quantity, it answers to some of it, expressed or understood.

Vous avez du pain, donnez-en aux pauvres,
You have some bread, give some to the poor.

97. When referring to number, it answers to some of them, expressed or understood.*

* Whenever, therefore, a noun of number is mentioned, without repeating the substantive, put en before the verb. If the verb be not repeated, then en is of course left out; as

Combien d'enfants avez-vous?
How many children have you?

Trois, or j'en ai trois.
Three, or, I have three.

But not j'ai trois, without enfants; nor (which would be as ridiculous) j'en ai trois enfants; that is, never use both en and the substantive for which it stands.

Avez-vous des amis? Oui, j'en ai, (and not Oui, j'ai.)*
Have you any friends? Yes, I have.

Vous avez une maison, et moi j'en ai tro.s,
You have one house, and I have three.

98. When referring to separation, it answers to from it, from them, away from it, &c., expressed or understood.* Allez-vous au Parc ? Non, j'en viens,

Are you going to the Park? No, I am just come from it.
Votre livre est dans mon pupitre; eh bien, ôtez-l'en,
Your book is in my desk; well, take it out (of it.)

EXERCISE.

You are greatly concerned about him. (95.) Speak of her. You bien inquiet de

are esteemed by them. Love her always, for you are tenderly loved

de

by her. Not only I speak of you, but I am occupied | about you. de

Non

s'occuper de

You have no money, but your father has; therefore I will lend you

some in hopes that you will

return one

83 and 96 rendre

part,

97 (sing.) Give me some books. I cannot,§ for I have none.

and he the other.

104

When you have

any, will you let me have some? Yes, I will. (97.)

How many

apples have you? I have a dozen. Lend me six, I will return three

rendre

this evening, and three to-morrow; for I shall have | a great many. |

I must

beaucoup.

buy some pens, for I have not enough. (96.) The dog is in

Il faut que I
the kennel, make him get out of it.

sortir

possession of a very advantageous post;

―e (m.)

The enemy had taken (pl.) E

but we succeeded in parvenir F à

From the examples given above, concerning le, la, les, y, and en, the learner will perceive that those particles being seldom expressed, in English, he cannot too strongly be reminded of the necessity of using them in French, whenever they may be understood.-See Note*, p. 39; and Note*, p. 40.

+ See Nota Bene above GENERAL RULE about en.

Some is here understood in English, and therefore should be expressed in French.

§ (Do so) being understood; it should be supplied in French.-See No. 88. Will may either be left out, or expressed by the repetition of the verb céder, thus.-Je vous en céderai.

The manner of placing the CONJUNCTIVES, me, te, le, la, lui, nous, vous, les, leur, y, en.

99. Here follows a table, showing the order in which the conjunctive pronouns are placed in a sentence, with regard to the verb and themselves, when many of them come together.

* Observe 1st, from the figured line, that je (No. 1.) comes first, ne (No. 2.) comes next, and so forth; and that, although all the above figured words never can come together in the same phrase, they still keep their respective order. 2dly, that all the conjunctives up to No. 7, come, not only before the verb, but also before the auxiliary. 3dly, that when No. 1. and No. 3. come together, correspond. ing in person, that is, je me, tu te, il or elle se, nous nous, vous vous, ils or elles se, the verb before which they are placed is a reflective verb. 4thly, that me and te, nous and vous, whether in the dative or in the accusative, come before the third person le, and that le comes before lui, or leur. 5thly, that the adverbs mieux, bien, plus, jamais, toujours, come between Nos. 8. and 11; but when adverbs are of more than two syllables, they often are placed No. 11., i.e. after the participle.

I have not fallen into it.

Thou hast not fallen into it.

They have not asked him for any of it.

Nous ne leur en avons pas envoyé dernièrement,
We have not sent them any of it latterly.

Nous ne nous en sommes pas informés dernièrement,
We have not inquired about it latterly.

100. In interrogations, No. 1, only, goes after No. 8; as,

Ne lui y en ai-je pas envoyé ?...Have I not sent him any of it thither?

With the imperative affirmative, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, are placed after No. 8 (except in the third * person).

For the sake of sound,-with the Imperative affirmative use moi and toi instead of me and te.

But when moi and toi (still in the Imperative affirmative) are followed by en let them be changed into m'en and t'en in order to avoid the hiatus moi_en, toi_er.

AFFIRMATIVE.

Cédez-lui-en,

Let him have some.

Achetons-leur-en,
Let us buy them some.

Accoutumons-nous-y,

Let us accustom ourselves to it.

Menez-nous-y,
Take us there.

Menez-y-le,* (or) la,
Take him or her there.

Conduisons-les-y,*

Let us lead them there.

NEGATIVE.

Ne lui en cédez pas,
Do not let him have any.

Ne leur en achetons pas,
Let us not buy them any.

Ne nous y accoutumons pas,
Let us not accustom ourselves to it.
Ne nous y menez pas,
Do not take us there.

Ne l'y menez pas,

Do not take him or her there.
Ne les y conduisons pas,
Let us not lead them there.

101. It is for the sake of euphony that we transpose moi, le, y.* Thus we say

*

Menez-y-moi, instead of Menez-moi-y, (or) menez-m'y.
Take me there.

Donnez-le-moi, instead of Donnez-moi-le.

Give it me.

102. Also, for the sake of sound, we do not use y with irai and irais, of the verb aller.

I shall go there to-morrow-J'irai demain. Not, J'y irai.
We shall go there

-Nous irons. Not, Nous y irons.

103. Again, for the sake of sound,-when two imperatives come together with et or ou between them, the latter requires the pronoun before it.

...

Ecrivez-le-lui, et le lui envoyez. Write and send it to him.
Donnez-la-moi, ou me l'envoyez ...Give it me or send it.

EXERCISE.

We do not see

I see him. Do you see her? Does he hear them? him. (99) You will not know her. Know them better, and you will

* Rather than Menez-l'y.-Likewise with many phrases of the kind, which according to this rule, would be unpleasant to the ear, it is advisable to use another turn. Thus, instead of