They are both inadequate, although they served a useful purpose in their day. Sir Alexander Grant's volume was translated into German (as was also that of Lewes) and enjoyed at one time considerable reputation. Neither writer was a thorough master of the Aristotelian system nor a competent critic of its content and significance. Lewes's book is much marred by exaggerated statement and anti-philosophical bias; besides, he cannot be said to have possessed a trained historical sense. Grote's posthumously published Aristotle is only a torso, though very valuable for its wonderfully painstaking analyses. Zeller's Aristotle, made accessible some three years ago to English readers in the translation of Costelloe and Muirhead, is now the completest and best work on this subject. It is at once the most just and most erudite account of the Aristotelian system of philosophy in all its branches hitherto written, and will doubtless long remain the work of final appeal in the interpretation of Peripateticism. We have in the book of Siebeck cited in the heading of this notice, another, though briefer, monographic account of Aristotle's philosophy from a well-trained hand. Siebeck has been long and favorably known as a writer on philosophy who combines with his philosophical equipment thorough training in philology, a training particularly characteristic of German scholarship. This was admirably evidenced in his Untersuchungen zur Philosophie der Griechen, and in his Geschichte der Psychologie. It is also an important element in his Aristoteles, although, owing to the somewhat general and non-technical character of the exposition, critical and philological considerations are not printed, however much the text may owe to such antecedent and unmentioned studies. The volume contains not over half a dozen footnotes, no appendix, no conventional vehicles for aside remarks in which the German professor loves to exhibit his recondite knowledge, and at the same time satisfy legitimate demands for authorities on the part of the distrustful and exacting reader. The book does not even have an index, a crime frequently committed by German writers, and for which there seems to be no adequate penalty. Siebeck introduces his book with the traditional and useful chapters on pre-Aristotelian ideas, and on biographical and personal matters, and then proceeds at once to the discussion of the metaphysics, reserving the logic and methodology for a final chapter; in this particular making an innovation in the traditional order of the disciplines. I see no reason why the logic should be taken out of its conventional and natural place; it would have been better, it seems to me, to have printed it as Chap. III. The most satisfactory parts of the book are the two chapters on the metaphysics and the organic world, the latter covering mainly what Aristotle understood by psychology. The chapter on ethics and politics is not as full and clear an exposition of these subjects as their relative importance in Aristotle's system demands, and as would have been particularly useful in a volume of this type, which, although not what one generally understands by a popular book, is still non-technical and meant for a wide circle of readers. In a second edition it would be well worth reconstructing this chapter. 1 Scarcely any mention, e. g., is made of justice, and the space given to the relation of Aristotle's theories to those of Socrates and Plato, occupying as it does nearly one-fourth of the chapter on ethics and politics, might better have been devoted to the Stagirite's ideas than to their genesis. The great importance of the latter is unquestionable, and will be ungrudgingly conceded by every latter-day historian of philosophy; but, after all, in a monograph where something must be sacrificed to the demand for brevity, it is a much weightier consideration to show what was Aristotle's doctrine than how he came to hold it. This is especially true of ethics, where the personality and temperament of the writer supposedly count for more than they do in other disciplines. The book is in nowise meant to be a volume of research, and one should, therefore, not look for new or novel matter in it; but the salient and wellauthenticated facts of Aristotle's system are interpreted, on the whole, with admirable skill and rare clearness. Many of the doctrines (as the conception of development in the organic world, the relation of dynamism to mechanism, the nature of sensation) are explained not merely with clearness, but in strikingly attractive forms of statement. The author is a master of exposition. Every page is interesting and there is scarcely an obscure or loosely connected passage in the book. The author concludes his work with a chapter containing a judicial estimate of the merits and faults of Aristotelianism and a narrative of the chief phases of its development down to its conflict with modern science. Its partial restoration through revived Thomism in the intellectual life of contemporary Catholicism receives no attention. The book is compressed within an exceedingly small compass, and within these narrow limits it would not be easy to conceive of a more adequate account of the matter here handled. W. A. H. The Philosophy of History based upon the works of Dr. Rocholl. A. E. SCHADE. Cleveland, A. Schade, 1134 Pearl street, 1899.—pp. xxxvii, 437. Dr. Schade, a pupil of Tholluck at Halle, has been an enthusiastic teacher of history for many years. In philosophy of history his thought runs along the lines of Rocholl and Dorner. The present work is based upon the celebrated volumes of the former, and may be considered as a reproduction rather than a translation. This manner of presenting Rocholl is for the purpose of bringing his thought more into touch with prevailing conditions in America. Dr. Schade's practical interests are indicated as follows: "In order to make the revelations of history applicable to ethics, sociology, and political economy, its contents must be digested by philosophical treatment.' The pedagogical arrangement of the book has some unique points of advantage. It is prefaced by a very complete synoptical index, and throughout there is an elaborate marginal analysis. It is also to be noted that the analytical part of the text is put in small type while the synthetical part is in large type. The book is, on the whole, well adapted to supercede Guizot's History of Civilization by reason of greater depth of view, and better adaptation to the spirit of democracy. Although it is difficult to give a brief characterization of so comprehensive a work, we may note a few leading thoughts. The logos doctrine is viewed historically as man becoming God and God becoming man, the two processes finding their synthesis in Jesus. In Him history becomes 'Christocentric'; or, putting the thought more exactly, history leads us to anthropological monism. Here we discover both ourselves and reality, our dignity and our end. Christ is also the synthesis of all our thinking about God and the world. As with Trendelenberg and von Ihering, the principle of all interpretation is teleological, allowing no antithesis of efficient and final These thoughts are worked out through an elaborate scheme of ethnology, and with copious references to modern philosophers and scientists. The work certainly deserves the careful attention of all who are interested in the philosophy of history. causes. ADELBERT COLLEGE. MATTOON M. CURTIS. Einleitung in die Philosophie. Von WILHELM JERUSALEM. Wien u. This book is an attempt to clear the way for that new solution of the problems of philosophy which is demanded by the present age. In order to meet the needs of contemporary thought, philosophy must fulfill three requirements. First, it must take account of the results that have already been gained in the field of scientific investigation, and of the methods by which these results have been reached. The attempt "to construct a system of concepts after the manner of Hegel" does not appeal to the thought of to-day. We must build from below, not from above. This does not mean that we are to neglect inner experience; it means simply that our philosophy must rest upon facts-be they facts of inner or of outer experience. The attempt to reduce matter to mind, and the attempt to reduce mind to matter, are both hostile to the scientific empiricism which we demand of a strictly modern philosophy. The second requirement, leading to the same regard for facts, is that we shall return to the point of view of the healthy human understanding. Philosophy has learned the folly of striving for the unattainable in knowledge; but within the sphere of the attainable, it should cultivate a spirit of confidence in the powers of the human mind. The third requirement is that the various philosophical disciplines shall be studied from the genetic, biological, and social points of view. In psychology, ethics, æsthetics, and epistemology, much light will be thrown upon the various problems by the adoption of these new methods of investigation. Using these three requirements as his guiding principles, Dr. Jerusalem takes up one by one the various philosophical disciplines, discusses their problems, methods, and tendencies, and notes their relations to one another. His treatment of psychological, epistemological, and metaphysical questions recalls his earlier books. The discussions of ethics and æsthetics are new, and contain much that is suggestive and interesting. Dr. Jerusalem's readers will look with eagerness for the fuller treatment which he hopes to give these subjects at a future time. The demand that philosophy shall be imbued with the scientific spirit and shall make use of scientific methods does not, in the author's opinion, involve the doctrine of the uselessness of metaphysical speculation. The interest in metaphysical inquiry is beginning to revive. Philosophy must return to its old task, must seek once more to become Weltanschauungslehre. But the metaphysics of the future, in searching for a satisfactory conception of the whole, must use those methods which science has employed in the investigation of particulars. Acting upon this belief, the author seeks to gain his Weltanschauung by the aid of his doctrine of judgment, "which is found true in the realm of experience." In this way he reaches the conception of the universe as the expression of a powerful will, which manifests itself both in physical and in psychical changes. God is the postulate, "not of the practical, but of the theoretical reason." One cannot conclude even so brief a notice as this without pausing to comment upon the orderly arrangement of the book, and the great clearness and vigor of expression. Whatever may be one's attitude toward Dr. Jerusalem's theories, one cannot but admire his methods of exposition. The book is provided with two carefully compiled indexes, and at the close of each chapter a number of references for further reading is given. ELLEN BLISS Talbot. Memory: an Inductive Study. By F. W. COLEGROVE. With an Introduction by G. STANLEY HALL. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1900. -pp. vii, 369. nomena. There is no doubt ample room at the present day, not merely for general works dealing with the whole range of psychology, but for special treatises which present exhaustively the facts of some limited field of mental pheThe subject of memory lends itself well to the latter mode of treatment, owing not merely to the comparative definiteness of the subjectmatter, but also to the wealth of scientific observations which have been accumulated. It has been the aim of Dr. Colegrove to give in this volume a broad, many-sided study of the subject, including both the scientific and the practical aspects. The work shows praiseworthy industry in the gathering of facts, whether observed by the author or by others, and in the citation of authorities, and there are valuable observations scattered throughout the volume. The plan of the work is conceived in a large and tolerant spirit. But as a whole, the study is not successful. It is wanting in clearness and in logical connection and system. The material presented, as well as the style of presenta tion, can hardly satisfy either the beginner or the specialist. The historical study at the beginning of the volume, which starts with Plato and ends with Professor Scripture, gives a somewhat disjointed collection of opinions and theories; in the section on Herbart it is distinctly erroneous. The "biological orientation which follows, gives first, many instances of memory in the various parts of the animal kingdom, and then enumerates and discusses instincts, dealing, by the way, with the theories of Weismann and others. The author illustrates from his own observations various forms of the diseases of memory, in the chapter devoted to this subject. The chapter on brain and mind seems almost superfluous, in as much as it contributes practically nothing to the understanding of memory as distinct from any other of the higher mental processes. In the following chapter on memories, after an elaborate presentation with the help of diagrams, of the author's hypothesis that revival of ideas may be due either to psychical or physical initiation, we have an account of the various types of memory, muscular, visual, and so forth. The part which deals with individual memories, and gives the result of a careful statistical inquiry of the author, is the most valuable in the volume. On the other hand, the chapter which follows is decidedly unsatisfactory, since it mainly presents, with little connection, some of the usual observations on the general character of apperception, association, and attention. This chapter includes also the reprint of an experimental research by the author on the time required for recognition. The fact that this reprint occupies nine pages, while the work of Ebbinghaus is summarized elsewhere in two pages, seems to indicate a failure in the sense of proportion. The closing chapter deals with pedagogical applications. It may be noted that in the citation of German titles throughout the volume there are a number of errors, and that the references generally are rather unsystematic. W. G. SMITH. Studies, Scientific and Social. By ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE. In two volumes. London, Macmillan & Co., Ltd.; New York, The Macmillan Co., 1900. pp. xv, 532; viii, 535. "The present work consists mainly of reprints of the more important articles I have contributed to reviews and other periodicals during the thirty-five years from 1865 to 1899. . . In order to make the subjects discussed more interesting to the general reader, I have, wherever possible, introduced copious illustrations, and this has led me in many cases so to modify and enlarge the original article as to render it a new piece of work." The two volumes which thus result from Dr. Wallace's labors of collection and revision will appeal to a wide circle of readers. Their author is gifted-as Darwin was not-with a simple and attractive style, which, together with his range of topics and skill in marshalling arguments, holds the attention riveted throughout the fifty-two chapters of the work. Few men of science, whatever their special province, are unfamiliar with Island |