Character of the Papacy at Avignon; Petrarch's testimony The Monarchists against the Papists Hi The Gallican or constitutional theory; the Reforming Councils Increasing sway of national and secular, in the room of ecclesias- tical feelings, in the fifteenth century Consolidation of monarchies; England, France, Spain Sixtus IV. (1471-84); Innocent VIII. (1484–92); Alexander VI. Character of Leo X. (1513–21); judgment of Sarpi, Pallavicini, The importance of the Popes, chiefly political The concessions to them from Princes more apparent than real An illustration in the repeal of the Pragmatic Sanction (1516) Domination of secular and political interests, seen in the contests Medieval Christianity characterized by legalism The conservative or Gallican Reformers Radical Reformers; John Wickliffe (1324-1384) and his opin- ions How he was protected The Lollards John Huss (1373-1415); his predecessors; Matthias of Janow The character and principles of Huss 69 The Revival of Learning; begins in Italy, Dante (1265-1321); Petrarch (1304-74); Boccaccio (1313-75) . Spread of the literary spirit; consequences to the Church Benefits and faults of Scholasticism; causes of its downfall Renewed study of the Fathers and of the Scriptures Sceptical spirit of Humanism in Italy; influence of the classic Semi-pagan tone of politics and ethics; Macchiavelli (1469-1527) 73 Religious tone of Humanism in Germany; Reuchlin (1455-1522) 74 Humanism and the Universities; Wittenberg (1502) Humanism in England; Colet, Erasmus, More The "Eutopia"; its liberal ideas on Religion His chastisement of ecclesiastical follies and abuses What may be inferred from their character and popularity Recapitulation; symptoms of the rise of a new order of things. Protestantism congenial to the German mind Luther the hero of the Reformation His birth (1483) and parentage Studies at Erfurt (1501-5); enters a convent (1505) Made a Professor at Wittenberg (1508) Luther opposes the sale of indulgences by Tetzel (1516) Attacks and replies; he meets Cajetan at Augsburg (1518) Accedes to the truce offered by Miltitz (1519). The Leipsic Disputation (1519); Philip Melancthon Melancthon's character; Luther's geniality and humor He asserts that the primacy of the Pope is jure humano Effect of the Leipsic Disputation upon his studies and opinions He appeals to the laity; Address to the Nobles (1520) . Writes "the Babylonian Captivity of the Church " (1520) Writes on the "Freedom of a Christian Man" (1520) Is excommunicated; burns the Papal bull (1520) Commotion produced in Germany; he finds political, religious, Discontent and disorder; complaints by the knights, the cities, Rivalship of Charles V. and Francis I. (1515-1547); its . 105 106 Luther summoned to the Diet of Worms (1521); his journey Placed under the ban of the Empire Radical movement of Carlstadt: Luther returns to Wittenberg He restores order; his vast labors The Council of Regency declines to suppress Lutheranism The Diet at Nuremberg (1524); remands the subject of the Worms decree to the several princes Union of Catholic princes and bishops; division of the Nation Protestant League of Torgau (1526) Battle of Pavia (1525); confederacy against Charles . The Diet of Spires (1526) refuses to enforce the Worms Edict Repressive action of the Diet of Spires (1529); the Protest The Diet of Augsburg (1530); situation and spirit of Charles The Augsburg Confession and Apology Luther at Coburg (1530); his correspondence His marriage with Catharine von Bora (1525) His controversy with King Henry VIII. (1522). His motives; effect of his example The intemperance of Luther's langauge, how explained The position of Erasmus in relation to the Lutheran move- His gradual estrangement from Luther and his cause Inability of Humanism to effect a Reform The peasants' war (1525); how far owing to Protestantism THE GERMAN REFORMATION ΤΟ THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG: ZWINGLE AND THE SWISS (GERMAN) REFORMATION. The character of the Swiss; they serve as mercenaries in the 136 Birth of Zwingle (1484); his native character; his education 137 At Glarus (1506-16) he opposes the system of pensions and of Adopts the principle of the exclusive authority of the Bible Zurich becomes a separate Protestant Church (1524) Zwingle's "Commentary on True and False Religion" (1525) 142 Luther led the resistance to the Church of Rome The Eucharistic controversy between the Lutherans and the The result; subsequent revival of the controversy (1543) olic and Protestant Cantons The Treaty of Peace; Protestantism checked The Emperor disabled for ten years (1532-42) from carrying |