up arms on the Queen's marriage,
369; took no part in the murder of
Darnley, 373; Spottiswoode's opinion
of, 377: his perspicacity and firm-
ness, 380; brings foward the "cas-
ket letters," 381.
Mysticism, the nature of, 65; in An-
selm, 65; of Briçonnet and his
friends, 245.
Mystics, in the Middle Ages, 65; works
on the, 65; the pioneers of the Ref-
ormation, 67.
Names, how rendered into Greek and
Latin, 97.
Nantes, Edict of, established, 283; its
revocation, 454.
Naples, Protestantism in, 394, 395.
Nationalism, rise and characteristics of,
31; exhibited by the Legists, 36;
opposed to Boniface VIII., 36.
Navarre, Henry d'Albret, king of, 246.
Navarre, Anthony of, his opposition to
the Guises, 258; his character and
aims, 258; won over to the Catholics,
267; his death, 269.
Neander, on the Middle Ages, 9; on the
origin of the Episcopate, 15; on the
religious feeling of the German race,
86; on Zwingle, 143; on the origin
and nature of Rationalism, 546.
Nemours, Duchess of, 274.
Nepotism of the Popes, 45.
Netherlands, sects in, before the Refor-
mation, 57; thrift and intelligence
of the, 285; relation to the German
Empire (1518), 286; how Protestant-
ism was introduced into the, 280;
persecution under Charles V., 287;
number of martyrs under Charles V.
in the, 289; first complaints against
Philip II., 292; the inquisition in
the, 294; hatred of the Spaniards
in the, 297; icononoclasm in the, 299;`
"Council of Blood," in the, 302;
submission of the Catholic provinces
to Philip, 309; preponderance of the
Calvinists in the, 311.
New England, cause of its settlement,
439.
Nicholas I., Pope, his power, 25.
Nicholas V., Pope, his grant to Al-
phonso, King of Portugal, 47.
Nicole, 452.
Nimeguen, Treaty of, 455.
Nominalism, its effect on scholasticism,
70.
Nordlingen, battle of, 431.
Norfolk, his rebellion, 381.
Norway, the Reformation in, 175.
Nostradamus, the astrologer, 3.
Nuremberg, Diet of (1522), presents one
hundred complaints against the See
of Rome,115: Diet of (1524), remands
the subject of the Worms decree to
the several princes, 115; Peace of.
(1532), 57.
Occam, William of, maintains the
cause of the civil authority, 40; his
nominalism and sceptical philosophy,
70; his relation to Luther's doctrine
of the Eucharist, 151.
Ochino, becomes a Protestant, 394; flies
from Italy, 404; a professor at Ox-
ford, 326; a Unitarian, 478.
Ecolampadius, his character, 143; on
the doctrine of Servetus, 227.
Oldenburg, Count of, 175.
Old Testament, character of the re-
ligion of the, 14.
Olivetan, Peter, 194.
'Opposants," 453.
Oratory of Divine Love, its members
and spirit, 392.
Orders, rise of the mendicant, 31; in-
dicate a revival of religious zeal, 397.
Osiander, 322.
Otho I., the Holy Roman Empire be-
gins with him, 25.
Otho III., intervenes in the affairs of
the Papacy, 25.
Otho IV., excommunicated by Inno-
cent III., 30.
Oxenstiern, 430.
Palfrey, his history of New England,
441.
Pallavicini, on Leo X., 46.
Passau, Treaty of, 167.
Patrick, Bishop, 446.
Paul, the Apostle, his Catholic inter-
pretation of Christianity, 14.
Paul III., Pope, his belief in astrology,
3; encourages Francis I. to aid the
Protestants, 49; allied with Francis
I. against Charles V., 165; friendly
to the Catholic reforming party, 395:
his Commissions of Reform, 395;
transfers the Council of Trent to
Bologna, 401.
Paul IV., his administration, 411; his
treatment of Elizabeth, 411; his re-
lations to Queen Mary of England,
330.
Pantheism, its relation to Deism, 544.
Papacy, its relation to the sacerdotal
order, 14; its growth favored by
political circumstances, 21; its alli-
ance with the Franks, 22; its relation
to Charlemagne, 23; how affected by
the divisions of his empire, 24; ex-
alted by the Pseudo-Isidorian Decre-
tals, 24; period of Pornocracy in
the, 25; intervention of Otho I., Otho
III., and Henry III., in the affairs
of the, 25; Hildebrand's idea of the,
26; its conflict with the Empire, 26;
its advantages in this conflict, 27;
aided in the conflict by divisions in
Germany, 27; victory of the, 28; cul-
mination of its power, 29; how affected
by the rule of celibacy, 29; theory of
the, advanced by Innocent III., 29;
nature of its struggle with the Em-
pire, 32; benefits of the, in the Middle
Ages, 32; how treated by Dante, Pe-
trarch, and Boccaccio, 34; reaction
against the, 36; decline of its prestige,
38; in the period of Babylonian cap-
tivity, 38; its aggressions upon Ger-
many, England, and other countries,
38; the Great Schism, 42; Gallican
theory of the, 42; spirit of the, in the
15th century, 44; secularizing of the,
50; character of the in the Middle
Ages, 50; its weakness under and
after Louis XIV., 457.
Parkman, his work on the Jesuits in Pfefferkorn, 75.
America, 550.
Parliament, the French, supports or-
thodoxy, 242, 244; the Scottish,
confirms the establishment of Prot-
estantism, 378.
Parma, Alexander of, in command in
the Netherlands, 306; the Catholic
provinces submit to him,310; Philip's
design to dismiss him, 310; his con-
test with Henry IV. in France, 280.
Paris, a seat of Catholic fanaticism,
269.
Paris, University of, condemns the
"Colloquies" of Erasmus, 81.
Pascal, his "Provincial letters," 452,
525.
Pavia, battle of, 116.
Pepin, his usurpation, 23; delivers the
Рарасу, 23.
Pepys, his diary, 443.
Perrin, Amy, 212; leads an insurrec-
tion, 233.
Peter, first mention of him as Bishop of
Rome, 18.
Peter of Bruys, 54.
Petersen, Olaf, and Lawrence, preach
the Reformation in Sweden, 176.
Petit, J., 505.
Petrarch, on the Papacy, 34; his re-
lation to the revival of Learning, 67;
on the corruption of the Papacy,
388.
Philip, the Fair, his contest with Boni-
face VIII., 37; on the usurpations of
the clergy, 37; supported by his
realm, 38.
Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, tries to
unite the Lutherans and the Swiss,
152; restores the Duke of Würtem-
burg, 157; his double marriage, 157,
492; surrenders himself to Charles
V., 164; released, 168.
Philip II., of Spain, his schemes cause
alarm in France (1570), 272; his
relations to the League in France,
280; his character, 289; an implaca-
ble enemy of religious dissent, 289;
his unpopularity in the Netherlands,
290; appoints Margaret of Parma
Regent, 291; leaves regiments in the
Netherlands, 292; increases the num-
ber of bishoprics there, 292; revives
the persecuting edicts of Charles V.,
294; effect of his persecution in the
Netherlands, 297; professes to miti-
gate the persecution, 298; his perfidy,
299; sends Alva to the Netherlands
301; condemns all the people of the
Netherlands as heretics, 302; will
not grant toleration, 305; reply of
William of Orange to his charges,
307; his design to dismiss Parma,
310; discomfiture of, 311; carries
England into war with France, 330;
his death, 330.
"Pierce the Ploughman's Crede," 34.
Piers' Ploughman, the vision of, 34.
Pisa, the Council of, 43.
Piotrkow, Diet of, 186.
Pius IV., his character, 411.
Pius V., his character and policy, 411;
requests Alva to destroy Geneva,
302.
Pius IX., his Encyclical Letter, 518.
Plymouth, settlement at, 439; settled
by Separatists, 440; their agreement
with the Massachusetts settlers, 440.
Poggio, 222; his character, 390.
Poissy, Colloquy of, 265; Beza's ap-
pearance at, 265; result of the, 265.
Poland, its condition before the Ref-
ormation, 184; how Protestantism
was introduced into, 184; its pro-
gress in, 185; dissension of Protes-
tants in, 187.
Pole, Cardinal, how treated by the
Catholic Reaction, 406; deprived of
his legatine office, 330.
Politiques, rise of the Party of, 277.
Political Economy, rise of the science
of, 540.
Polity, the Lutheran, its main features,
491; the reformed, 495.
Pomponatius, 542.
Popes, origin of their temporal king-
dom, 24; their infallibility asserted,
30; their character in the fifteenth
century, 45; their relation to the
temporal power, 504.
Præmunire, statute of, passed, 40; re-
vived by Henry VIII., 320.
Pragmatic Sanction, history of the, 48;
repeal of the, 49.
Prague, University of, declares for the
Utraquists, 179.
Prayer-Book of the Church of Eng-
land, framed, 326.
Predestination, Calvin's doctrine of,
200; Zwingle's view of, 200; Calvin's
view compared with Augustine's,
201; with Luther's, 202; in the Lu-
theran theology, 202; views of Angli-
can reformers on, 335; they are not
rigid in the assertion of, 338; discus-
sion of, among the Protestants, 472.
Presbyterianism, how far legalized in
England, 438; established in Scot-
land, 446; its form in Geneva, 497;
in France, 498; in Scotland, 498.
Presbyterians, how treated by Charles
II., 442; their jealousy of State
control, 499.
Prescott, on William of Orange, 309.
Prierias, Sylvester, writes against
Luther, 96.
Priesthood, idea of, connected with the
ministry, 16.
Professio Fidei (Tridentine), 402.
Protest at the Diet of Spires (1529), 117.
Protestantism, its positive element, 9;
its objective side, 9; its source in the
Scriptures, 10; a practical assertion
of private judgment, 10; rejects
Papal and priestly authority, 13;
characterized, 54; spread of (from
1532), 157; from the Peace of Augs-
burg (1555), 169; why its progress
was checked, 415; less acceptable in
Southern Europe, 419; variations of
its polity, 487; its spirit in the seven-
teenth century, 543; its struggle in
the seventeenth century, 421; its in-
fluence on liberty, 513; its political
effect on Germany, 514; in England,
514; in America, 515; effect of the
suppression of it on literature in
Spain, 520; in Italy, 522; its relation
to the fine arts, 540; spirit of prog-
ress in, 551; multiplying of sects
under, 548; in Italy: circumstances
favorable and unfavorable to, 385;
forced to conceal itself, 391; a thing
of degrees, 391; its spread, 392; see
"Reformation," under the separate
reformers, and under the different
countries.
Protestants, origin of the name, 117; do
not submit to the action of the Diet
of Spires (1529), 118; their number
in Spain, 408; their divisions aid the
Catholic Reaction, 415; their doc-
trine of the Church, 464.
Protestant nations compared with Cath-
olic, 510.
Provence, the bards of, 33.
"Provincial Letters," 452.
Provisors, statute of, 40.
Prussia, its rise, 456.
Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, character
and effect of the, 24.
Puritans, their origin and tenets, 342;
their objections to the vestments,
342; their doctrines as expounded
by Cartwright, 345; under James I.,
433, 434; ejection of their ministers
(1662), 442.
Puritan controversy, the merits of it,
348; Lord Bacon's judgment, 349.
Rabelais, the spirit of his writings, 250.
Radbert, 147.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 435, 533.
Ramus, Peter, 499.
Rationalism, German, its two types,
545: in the Deistic form, 546; Pan-
theistic, 546.
Ratisbon, Catholic alliance formed at,
115; conference at, 157.
Ratramnus, denied transubstantiation,
148.
Ranke, on Tycho Brahe and astrol-
ogy, 3; on Leo X., 47; his criticism
of Davila, 260; on the conspiracy
of Amboise, 261; on the Orleans
plot, 263; on the slaughter of St.
Bartholomew, 276; on Henry IV.
and the Huguenots, 283; on the
"Casket Letters" and the murder
of Darnley, 377; on Sarpi and Pal-
lavicini, 400; on the absence of the
spirit of propagandism among Prot-
estants, 416.
Reformation, long in preparation, 2;
agency of individuals in the, 2; its
origin and nature a subject of contro-
versy, 2; astrological theory of the, 2;
called by Leo X. a quarrel of monks,
3; not merely a continuance of the
strife of popes and emperors, 4;
not merely a political event, 4;
Guizot's view of, 4; an improvement
of religion, 5; regarded by some as
a step towards Rationalism, 6; a
religious event, 8; its fundamental
character, 8; a reaction of Christian.
ity as Gospel against Christianity as
law, 9; tends to intellectual liberty,
10; not an isolated phenomenon,
10; age of the, characterized, 10; two-
fold aspect of the, 11; chronological
limits of the, 12; Bellarmine, Adrian
VI., and Erasmus, on the need of,
13; how it spread from Germany,
170; allies itself with democracy in
the towns of the Hansa, 174; fore-
runners of the, how classified, 53;
causes and omens of the, 54 seq.; vari-
ous influences in the preparation of it,
84; could not come from Humanism,
132; its spread in Germany (1524),
115; its influence on science and
literature, 519; complaints of Eras-
mus, 519; its effect on literature in
England, 532; in Germany, 534;
its effect on schools in England,
534; in Germany, 534; its benefit
to Holland, 535; to Scotland, 535;
political consequences of the, 513; its
effect on religion, 541; its effect on
philosophy, 536.
Reformers, Gallican, held to priestly
authority, 59.
Reformers, radical, 59.
Reforms, efforts to effect, in the fif-
teenth century, 42.
Regency, German Council of, refuses
to crush Lutheranism, 114.
Religion, its character in the Middle
Ages, 52; how affected by the
revival of learning, 68.
Renaissance, the tone of it in France,
250; scepticism of the Italian, 542.
See" Revival of Learning."
Republic, the Dutch, rise of, 305; grows
strong under Maurice, 310. See
"Netherlands," "William of Or-
ange, Philip II."
Requesens, his policy, 305; success-
ful in the South, 305; his death,
305; revolt of his soldiers, 305.
Reservation, the Ecclesiastical, 168; its
effect, 169, 416; complaints of its
violation, 423.
Restitution, Edict of, 427.
Rome, city of, its preeminence, 18;
sacked by the imperial troops, 117.
Rome, Empire of, effect of its fall on
the Church, 22.
Rome, See of, grounds of its distinc-
tion, 19; foundation of its primacy,
in the East, 20; political ground of
the primacy of, 18; growth of its
power, 20; favored by Roman empe-
rors, 21; servile relations of, to
Justinian, 21; the bishop of, his
primacy, 18; how built up, 18;
view of Cyprian, 18. See "Pa-
pacy," and under the separate popes.
Restoration, of Charles II., how Romorantin, Edict of, 261.
Reuchlin, his religious character, 74;
his contest with the monks, 74; con-
demned by the Sorbonne, 244.
Revival of Learning, spreads over
Europe, 68; its consequences to re-
ligion, 68; produces the downfall of
Scholasticism, 69; its effect on the
study of the Scriptures, 71; its
sceptical character in Italy, 72; its
character in Germany, 74; in Eng-
land, 76.
Roscoe, on the character of Leo X., 47.
Rothe, on the organization of the prim-
itive Church, 15.
Rouen, captured and sacked by the
Catholics, 269.
Roussel, G., takes refuge with Bri-
çonnet, 245.
Rudolph II., his fanaticism, 423.
Rudolph of Hapsburg, his submission
to the Papacy, 29.
Ryswick, Peace of, 456.
Revolution, French, gradually pre- Sacraments, Luther's discussion of the,
pared, 1; predicted, 2.
Reynard the Fox, and the brute epic, 33.
Reynolds, Dr., at the Hampton Court
Conference, 435.
Ricci, 550.
Richter, on the origin of the Episco-
pate, 15.
Richelieu, motive of his intervention in
Germany, 429; gets the control of
the war, 431; his internal policy,
448; his foreign policy, 450; his
political testament, 449.
Sadolet, Calvin's letter to, 216.
Saint André, one of the Triumvirate,
265.
Sainte Beuve, on infidelity in France
under Louis XIV., 544.
Sarpi, Father Paul, on Leo X., 46.
Savoy, Dukes of, Vidames of Geneva,
208.
Savoy Conference, 442.
Scandinavian kingdoms, their union,
170; power of the prelates in, 170.
Ridley, on Predestination, 336; his Scepticism, of the Renaissance in Italy,
martyrdom, 328.
Ritter J. I., on the decline of the
Papacy, 51; on Leo X., 47.
Rizzio, murder of, 370.
Robertson, J. B., 6.
Robinson, John, his principles, 347, 439.
Rochelle, its usefulness to the Hugue-
nots, 271.
Roky çana, 181.
542; origin of modern, 542; in
France, 544; in the reign of Louis
XIV.,
Schism, the Great Papal, 42.
Scholasticism, its uses, 69; causes of
its downfall, 69, 70.
Savonarola, his career, 64; works on, 64.
Schleiermacher, character of his influ-
ence, 546, 547.
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