Resigns her crown to her son, with Murray as Regent, July

24.

1568. Flight of Mary into England. Conflict in the Netherlands. Egmont and Horn are beheaded, June 5. Peace of Longjumeau, March 23. Edict against the Huguenots, Septem

ber 25.

Battle of Jarnac;

1569. Renewed insurrection of the Huguenots.
Death of Louis de Condé, March 13.
Navarre is recognized as head of the
Battle of Moncontour, October 3. Alva's scheme of taxa-

tion in the Netherlands.

Prince Henry of
Huguenot party.

1570. Excommunication of Elizabeth by Pius V., February 25. Second phase of Puritanism: Cartwright opposes Episcopacy. Third Peace of St. Germain. Four towns given up to the Huguenots, August 15. Assassination of the Regent Murray, January 23. Synod of Sendomir in Poland; union of Protestants.

1571. Battle of Lepanto, October 7; defeat of the Turks. 1572. Death of Pius V. Gregory XIII. succeeds him, May 13. Execution of the Duke of Norfolk, June 2. Union of Holland, Zealand, and Friesland, under William of Orange, May. Death of Jeanne d'Albret, June 10. Henry of Navarre marries Margaret of Valois, August 18. Massacre of St. Bartholomew, August 24. Death of Sigismund II. of Poland; end of the Jagellon dynasty: the crown made elective. Death of John Knox, November 24.

1573. "Pax Dissidentium " in Poland. Henry, Duke of Anjou, elected king of Poland, May 9. Alva leaves the Netherlands. He is succeeded by Requesens.

1574. Death of Charles IX., May 30.

Accession of Henry III. Louis
Siege of Leyden.

of Nassau is defeated and slain. 1576. Organization of the League in France. Pacification of Ghent, November 8.

Death of Requesens. Don John of Austria

succeeds Requesens. Death of Maximilian II. Accession of Rudolph II. Jesuit influence in the imperial court. The Catholic reaction in Germany.

1577. Drake attacks the Spanish ships and settlements.

1578. Treaty of Elizabeth with the Netherlands, January 7. Death of Don John of Austria. He is succeeded by Alexander of Parma.

1579. Utrecht Union, January 23. The ten southern provinces submit

to Alexander of Parma.

1580. William of Orange is proscribed by Philip II. Rebellion in

Ireland fomented by Spain.

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

563

1581. The United Provinces renounce the authority of Spain, July 2. The protectorate of the Low Countries is given to the Duke of Anjou, brother of Henry III.

1582. Successes of Parma in the Netherlands.

1583. The Duke of Anjou returns to France.

1584. Death of the Duke of Anjou, June 10. Henry of Navarre becomes the heir of the crown. Alliance of the League with

Spain. Treaty of Joinville, December 31. Assassination of
William of Orange, July 10.

1585. Death of Gregory XIII., April 10. Accession of Sixtus V., April 24. He excommunicates Henry of Navarre, September 10. Surrender of Antwerp to Alexander of Parma, August 17. The United Provinces place themselves under the protection of Elizabeth. Leicester sent into the Netherlands. Drake attacks the Spanish settlements in the West Indies.

1586. War of the three Henries - Henry III., Navarre, and Guise. League between James VI. and Elizabeth.

1587. Execution of Mary Queen of Scots, February 8. Leicester returns to England. Maurice of Orange acquires the chief direction of the contest in the Netherlands. Sigismund III. of Sweden is elected king of Poland.

1588. Hostile attitude of the League towards Henry III. Barricades in Paris, May 12. Defeat of the Spanish Armada. Meeting of the States-General at Blois. Assassination of the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal his brother, by Henry III.

1589. Death of Catharine de Medici, January 5. Henry III. joins Navarre. Assassination of Henry III., August 1. Henry IV., is resisted by the League.

1590. Victory of Henry IV. at Ivry over the Duke of Mayenne, March 14. Death of Sixtus V. Succeeded by Urban VII. Parma raises the siege of Paris.

1591. Bull of Gregory XIV. against Henry IV. Death of Gregory

XIV., October 15. Succeeded by Innocent IX. His death, December 30. Henry IV. invests Rouen. Renewed invasion of Hungary by the Turks.

1592. Clement VIII. becomes Pope, January 30. Parma raises the siege of Rouen. Death of Parma, December 2. Presbyterianism is fully established in Scotland.

1593. Division of counsels in the League. Abjuration of Henry IV., July 25. Rout of the Turks in Hungary.

1594. Henry IV. is crowned at Chartres, February 27. He enters Paris, March 22. Maurice of Orange recovers the whole territory of the United Provinces.

1595. Henry IV. declares war against Philip II., January 17. Clement VIII. absolves Henry IV., September 17.

1596. Alliance of Henry IV. with Elizabeth. The English destroy the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Cadiz.

1598. The Edict of Nantes, April 30. The Peace of Vervins between France and Spain, May 2. Death of Philip II., September 13. He is succeeded by Philip III.

1600. Marriage of Henry IV. with Mary de Medici. Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake, February 17.

1603. Death of Queen Elizabeth, March 24. Accession of James I. 1604. Hampton Court Conference, January 16. Letter of Majesty grants protection to the Protestants of Bohemia.

1605. The Gunpowder Plot.

1607. Donauwörth seized by the Duke of Bavaria.

1608. Protestant Union formed in Germany.

1609. Twelve years' truce established between Spain and the United

Provinces.

1610. Catholic League formed in Germany under the Duke of Bava

ria.

1611. The English Bible published by authority. Gustavus Adolphus becomes king of Sweden.

1612. Matthias becomes emperor.

1617. James I. imposes Episcopacy on Scotland.

1618. Revolt of the Bohemians against Ferdinand II. in defense of their religious liberties.

1619. Accession of Ferdinand II. as Emperor. Election of Ferdinand V., Elector Palatine, as king of Bohemia.

1620. The Elector Palatine stripped of his dominions. Persecution of Puritans in England. Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, December 21. Convent of Port Royal established.

1621. Revolt of the Huguenots.

1622. Congregatio de Propaganda Fide is established: (college for missionaries founded, 1627).

1624. Richelieu becomes the minister of Louis XIII.

1625. Accession of Charles L. War with the Huguenots begins in France. Alliance of England, Holland, and Denmark, in behalf of the Elector Palatine.

1626. Death of Lord Bacon. Defeat of Mansfield by Wallenstein at Dessau.

1627. Mecklenburg is given to Wallenstein.

1628. Surrender of Rochelle. Destruction of the political power of the

Huguenots.

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

1629. Peace of Lübeck, May. Edict of Restitution, March.

565

1630. Wallenstein dismissed from his command. Intervention of

Gustavus Adolphus.

1631. The capture of Magdeburg by Tilly, May. Battle of Leipsic; defeat of Tilly, August 28. Wallenstein restored to his command, April.

1632. Battle of Lutzen: death of Gustavus Adolphus, November 16. 1633. Alliance of France with Sweden and the Protestants: treaty of Heilbronn, April 23. Laud is made Archbishop of Canterbury. Galileo is forced to renounce the Copernican theory.

1634. Defeat of the Swedes at Nordlingen, September 6.

1635. The Peace of Prague, May 30. The Edict of Restitution is given up as to Saxony and Brandenburg.

1637. Accession of Ferdinand III. as emperor.

1638. Bernard of Weimar leads the anti-imperialist forces.

1639. Death of Bernard. Richelieu's influence predominant in the

war.

1640. The Long Parliament assembles in England. Accession of Frederic William, the Great Elector.

1642. War of King and Parliament in England.

1643. Accession of Louis XIV. Westminster Assembly meets. League and Covenant adopted by Parliament.

1644. Accession of Pope Innocent X.

1645. Battle of Naseby.

1648. Peace of Westphalia. Termination of the Thirty Years' War. 1649. Execution of Charles I.

1650. Death of Des Cartes.

1653. Cromwell is made Lord Protector. Condemnation of Jansenism by Innocent X.

1658. Death of Cromwell.

1660. Restoration of Charles II.

1661. The Savoy Conference. Restoration of Episcopacy in Scotland. Death of Mazarin. Persecution of the Huguenots. 1662. Ejection of the Presbyterian ministers under the Act of Uni

formity.

1668. Triple alliance against Louis XIV., to compel him to make

peace with Spain.

1670. Secret alliance of Charles II. and Louis XIV.

1672. William III. is elected Stadtholder.

1673. Declaration of Indulgence by James II.

1676. Accession of Innocent XI.

1678-9. Peace of Nimeguen.

1682. Assembly of the clergy of France: four Propositions of Galli

canism.

1685. Death of Charles II. Accession of James II. Revocation of

the Edict of Nantes, October 18.

1686. Revival of the Court of High Commission by James II. 1688. William III. lands at Torbay. Flight of James II.

1691. Accession of Innocent XII.

1694. Birth of Voltaire, February 20.

1697. Peace of Ryswick, September 20. Louis XIV. acknowledges William III. as King of Great Britain and Ireland.