Roman Catholic doctrine of justification The Protestant doctrine respecting the Church. The Roman Catholic doctrine respecting the Church Protestant view of the number and design of the sacraments Effect of the Protestant view of justification upon various dog- Arminian view of original sin and of the atonement General character of the Arminian theologians . Efforts to unite Lutherans and Calvinists Efforts to unite Protestants and Roman Catholics THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PROTESTANT CHURCHES AND THEIR Two characteristic features of the Lutheran polity Luther's opinion of its plan of Church government Ecclesiastical government by princes in Lutheran states. Convocation in the English Church Bellarmine on the indirect authority of the Pope in relation to CONTENTS. Necessary to consider facts in connection with principles What Protestantism did for liberty in Europe Protestants have been guilty of persecution This admitted to be inconsistent with their principles Effect of the extinction of Protestantism in Spain Loss of intellectual freedom and activity Effect of the extinction of Protestantism in Italy Persecution of Galileo The grounds of his condemnation The Prohibitory and Expurgatory Indexes Effect of the censorship of books, on Italy. Education by the Jesuits and their scholarship. Intellectual effect of the reading of the Bible in Protestant coun- Influence of the Reformation on English Literature Effect of the Reformation on the German intellect The Cartesian method in contrast with the Mediæval Influence of the Reformation on other sciences Comparison of the German and the Latin nations. Neander on the origin and types of Rationalism Multiplying of Protestant sects THE REFORMATION. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION: THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE REFORMATION. THE four most prominent events of modern history are the invasion of the barbarians, which blended the German and Roman elements of civilization, and subjected the new nations to the influence of Christianity; the crusades, which broke up the stagnation of European society, and by inflicting a blow upon the feudal system opened a path for the centralization of the nations and governments of Europe; the Reformation, in which religion was purified and the human mind emancipated from sacerdotal authority; and the French Revolution, a tremendous struggle for political equality. The Reformation, like these other great social convulsions, was long in preparation. Of the French Revolution, the last upon the list of historical epochs of capital importance, De Tocqueville observes: "It was least of all a fortuitous event. It is true that it took the world by surprise; and yet it was only the completion of travail most prolonged, the sudden and violent termination of a work on which ten generations had been laboring."1 The method of Providence in history is never magical. In proportion to the magnitude of the catastrophe are the length of time and the variety of agencies which are employed in pro1 Ancien Régime et la Révolution (7th ed., 1866), p. 31. |