way affected, and it would seem as though most of the attendants had little notion of a fatal ending to the illness.

6. Le roi pleurera. Ezekiel vii, 27.

7. le roi même. Louis XIV and the queen were present for a while, and withdrew in great sorrow.

Page 142.1. Ambroise. Ambrosius (340-397), bishop of Milan and Christian author. The passage here quoted is from a funeral oration he pronounced over his brother, Satyrus.

2. Madame cependant. A paraphrase of Psalm ciii, 15-16, or Isaiah xl, 6-8. Most beautiful in sentiment and expression, contrasting with the oratorical language which precedes.

3. exagère agrandit.

4. garantissait. The verb agrees with the nearest subject, the usual construction in the seventeenth century.

5. deux puissants royaumes. France and England, by the treaty of Dover.

Page 143.- 1. la campagne de Flandre. In the year 1667.

2. et si quelque chose, etc. Madame's conduct had aroused her husband's jealousy and suspicions.

3. dont nous ne croyions pas, etc., which we thought would give us no concern. Explained by the sentence following.

4. décoration. The cathedral of St. Denis had been hung with black for the occasion, and a mausoleum had been erected in the choir, "si superbe qu'il ne s'en estoit pas encor vu un pareil" (Gazette de France, 23 août, 1670).

Page 144. -I. ces demeures souterraines. The vaults under the church, which hold the tombs of the kings.

2. comme parle Job. Fob xxi, 26.

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3. Tertullien. Tertullian (160-240), Church Father and writer on apologetics. This passage from "Notre chair change" to restes is almost an exact repetition of a passage in the Sermon sur la Mort. 4. les voies, etc. Perhaps a paraphrase of Psalm xvi, 11.

II.

Having shown the vanity of man, the preacher now proceeds to point out what is great in him.

Page 145.1. que le corps, etc. Eccles. xii, 7.

Page 146.. — 1. Saint Chrysostome. St. John Chrysostom (347407), the eloquent bishop of Constantinople. The quotation is from a homily on Matthew.

2. tout est vanité sous le soleil. Eccles. i, 14.

3. ne vous étonnez pas, etc.

See Eccles. ii, 18-24. 4. Hé! s'écrie ce sage roi. Eccles. ii, 19. sion is not in the form of a question.

5. Mais cela même. Eccles. ii, 1.

The King James' ver

Eccles. iii, 19.

2. esprits. In the philosophical language of the time the esprits were impalpable bodies which were the principle of animal life and feeling.

3. se déconcertent, cease to work together, to harmonize.

4. une machine. The Cartesian doctrine, so far as the body was concerned.

5. Ennuyés, Much saddened. This word has lost in force since the seventeenth century.

6. Dieu examinera, etc.
7. Le Psalmiste dit. Psalm cxlvi, 4.

Page 148.

Eccles. xii, 14.

2. Vous savez, etc. What immediately follows is based on St. Augustine's work on grace.

3. nous prévient, anticipates us, comes to us before we have desired it. The paragraph abounds in theological terms, as persévérance finale, final perseverance, continuance in Christian work.

4. impression = empreinte, the root-meaning. Cf. page 153, line 6.

Page 149. -1. il a fallu renverser, etc. The revolt of Parliament against Charles I had resulted in Henrietta's flight to France, and her entrance into the Roman Catholic church.

2. disons des derniers, etc. It was Henry VIII who separated from the Church of Rome (1534-1539).

3. cher que, for aussi cher que, or plus cher que.

4. mère catholique. Henrietta of France, from whom the daughter was separated when scarcely two weeks old. But she was in the hands of Parliament for a few months only, and that nearly two years later. See page 150, line 1.

6. je fus comme jetée, etc. Psalm xxii, 10. In this and the preceding reference the King James' version differs again from the Vulgate. Page 150.

xix, 4.

— 1. comme l'aigle prend ses petits. Cf. Exodus

2. de saint Édouard et de saint Louis. Edward the Confessor, king of England (1042-1066); Louis IX, king of France (1226–1270). 3. monuments. Cathedrals especially.

4. Est-ce que le crime, etc. Henry VIII drifted into Protestantism mainly through the opposition which he met with from the Pope in regard to his matrimonial affairs.

5. reine Marie. Mary Tudor (1516–1558), who during her short reign (1553-1558) tried to re-establish the old faith.

6. à l'Etat. Construe after réservez-vous. de secrets retours, to Catholicism.

Page 151.

- 1. Opto apud Deum. Acts xxvi, 29.

...

2. il me reste. de. The construction with à is preferable to-day. Both de and a were used in the seventeenth century.

3. elle commence, etc. 2 Cor. v, 1-4.

Page 152.1. sortis des figures qui passent. Cf. 1 Cor. vii, 31. 2. le testament, etc. St. Paul develops this idea in Hebrews ix, 15-28. Bossuet had already adopted it in the "division" of his Sermon sur la Passion (1662).

3. forte. Not strong, but in the Latin sense of fortis. Bossuet's language was particularly affected by Latin, because most of his reading was in that tongue.

4. Voulez-vous voir, etc. This second account of Madame's last hours is in hopeful contrast with the first. See pages 141-142.

Page 153.

1. sa belle-mère.

note 6.

Anne of Austria. See page 135,

All

Page 154. — 1. ces excessives et insupportables douleurs. accounts agree that Madame's sufferings were intense, though few appreciated their serious nature. Notice how detailed is Bossuet's description of the last scenes.

2. Le patient, etc. Proverbs xvi, 32.-fort here is the fortis of the Vulgate. Bossuet first translated it brave (in the first edition), which is the correct rendering.

3. ce qu'elle a dit à Monsieur. Mme de La Fayette, the intimate friend of Madame, reports these words as follows: "Hélas! Monsieur, vous ne m'aimez plus, il y a longtemps; mais cela est injuste, je ne vous ai jamais manqué."

Page 155.

-1. Il s'est hâté, etc. A quotation from the apocryphal Book of Wisdom (iv, 14), attributed to Solomon.

2. dessin. Bossuet spelled dessein, the prevailing orthography for

both dessein and dessin in his time.

3. ne disons plus, etc. As in the first part of the Oration. See page 143, line 14.

Page 156. -1. je le sais. Bossuet alludes to an emerald ring Madame had had made for him when he was appointed Bishop of Condom, and which in her last moments she requested one of her English maids to give him after her death. (See Mme de La Fayette's Histoire de Madame.)

Page 157.From Tacitus:

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1. qu'elle allait être précipitée dans la gloire. 'Sic Agricola... in ipsam gloriam præceps agebatur " (Agricola, c. 41).

2. Je suis, etc. Isaiah xlvii, 10.

Page 158.

1. nous pouvons achever, etc. Remember that this Oration was a part of the regular church service, a sermon in the mass. See Introduction, page xiii.

Page 159. 1. Attendons-nous que Dieu, etc. Suggested perhaps by Luke xvi, 31.

2. c'est par passion, et non par raison, etc. For Pascal's view, see Pensées, Art. VIII, pensée 6, page 102, and Art. XXIV, pensée 5, page 110.

3. ni de plus près, ni plus fortement. Notice the use of ni...ni in interrogation, where the declarative phrase would be negative. It was not unusual in the seventeenth century.

4. que de la vouloir forcer, would now be changed to que de se voir forcée, since the modern construction of the phrase rejects the introduction of a new subjecɩ into a dependent clause in the infinitive.

Page 160. -1. pénitence. Notice how this Oration maintains to the end the idea of the vanity of earth. Nothing lasts but faith and repentance.

ORAISON FUNÈBRE DE LOUIS DE BOURBON.

This is the last of Bossuet's Funeral Orations. See the closing sentence of the Oration itself. Compare for thought with the Sermon sur l'Honneur du Monde which Condé had heard Bossuet preach on March 21, 1660.

2. Louis de Bourbon (1621–1686), Prince of Condé, the most famous of his family, was together with Turenne the great general of the seventeenth century. In his quality as governor of Burgundy he had known and befriended Bossuet for many years. Probably for that reason Louis XIV desired that Bossuet should eulogize him. The ceremony took place at Notre Dame of Paris, magnificently decorated for the occasion with arms, escutcheons, portraits, triumphal arches and a mausoleum, and hung with the flags Condé and Turenne had won from the enemy. See page 193, lines 25-32.

3. Monseigneur. Henri-Jules de Bourbon (1643–1709), eldest son of Condé, and succeeding to his title.

Page 161.1. leurs seules actions, etc. of "let her own works praise her in the gates"

Perhaps a paraphrase (Proverbs xxxi, 31). 2. du plus grand, etc. Louis XIV, called below Louis le Grand. 3. qui a honoré la maison de France. Condé was the first prince of the blood, being the great grandson of the Huguenot leader Condé, of the sixteenth century, who was uncle to Henry IV of France.

4. Louis le Grand.

city of Paris in 1680.

This title was conferred on Louis XIV by the

5. représentations. Probably an allusion to the catafalque and its covering.

Page 162. -I. ces princes. The new Prince of Condé, his son, the Duke of Bourbon, and his cousin, the Prince of Conti, who represented the family at the ceremony.

2. ce religieux pontife. The Archbishop of Paris, François de Harlay (1625-1695), who officiated at the mass.

=

3. excellente supérieure. The Latin excellens. In this Oration even more perhaps than in the one on Madame, the meanings of Latin words encroach on their French derivatives.

4. Premier Prince du Sang. Bossuet has united the exordium