2. 'Generally they wrote in Normandy by a simple u most of our syllables in o, ou, u, eu, oi, on, or, and even a few syllables which we have in a.'-FALLOT, Recherches, p. 20.

'We must, however, carefully guard against believing that the Normand u, which was so much in use, always had the pronunciation of our French u, well fixed and determined. It was used for the vowel on as well as for the vowel u; only usage could determine in each case its exact pronunciation.'-FAL. p. 29. 3. Diphthongs are simplified in the Normandy dialect, and we only meet ei, ui (ue); later on, ou. The combination oe, which is found in a few texts, does not belong to the pure language of Normandy.

4. The nasalizations are weakened; often they disappear altogether.

5. Contractions are more rare than in the other dialects. 6. Our final t is replaced by d.

The Picardy Dialect had the following characteristics :—

1. The ch, which is always put instead of our s and c (= s); but to compensate, where we have ch, it generally puts k or q, without using generally ch where we put k or q. Ex. canchon, ichi, chiel, kanoise or canoine, commenchier, kachier (= chasser) vacque, etc.

2. The Picard likes the c, the ch, and the g final.

3. It substitutes the diphthong ou to our o and eu, eu to our ou, oi to our ei.

4. e is often put for ai, and ai for e.

5. The letter r is often changed for s.

6. Our S, with its accidental sound ze, is generally replaced by two s, and in the same way our two s by simple s.

7. It adds i before e, or puts it instead of this last letter.

8. The g is put instead of our j.

9. It changes the Burgundian o and the a into e mute.

The Burgundy Dialect had the following characteristics :— (§ 12)

1. It added an i to almost all our initials, medials, or finals in a or in e (= é). This is its principal characteristic.

2. o, except when followed by r, was oi in this dialect. 3. The letter g served sometimes to mark the nasal n. 4. The c and the s, with the natural sound, are replaced by z. 5. In some parts mouillé l is expressed by two l, by lh, or lg. I have already observed that there existed differences in the language from province to province. I insist upon this, and like Fallot I add, that in the whole extent of provinces assigned to each of the three dialects, I have met with nothing striking enough nor distinct enough to authorise me in making of the language of the province where these differences are found a dialect separate from that with which I have classed it.'"

§ 29. French Words of Provençal Origin.

The Provençal, or Langue d'Oc, was spoken in the Dauphiné, Lyonnais, Auvergne, Limousin, Saintonge, in France; out of France, in the east of Spain, in Catalonia, in the province of Valentia and Balearic Isles. Besides this, in part of Switzerland, Geneva, Lausanne, the south of Valais, and in Savoy. The dialects were numerous (see Diez, Grammatik, vol. i., p. 105): they all remain as patois.

French owes the following words to Provençal :

$ 31. French Words of Spanish Origin.-Some of these words have been introduced through Spanish from the Arabic. (Compare § 33.)

§ 32. French Words from India, China, etc.

§ 33. French Words from Hebrew, Turkish, Arabic, etc.

§ 37. French consists of two great vocabularies of words:-

(a) The popular vocabulary, developed slowly and unconsciously by the people during the first eleven or twelve centuries from spoken Latin, etc.

(b) The non-popular vocabulary, formed deliberately from literary Latin. Such "learned" words, as they are called, date from the eleventh and twelfth centuries till the present day. They were made in large numbers during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but the manufacture has never really ceased.

It is only to the popular vocabulary that the following remarks apply.

* French word-formation is too wide a subject to be treated here in anything but the barest outline. The subject is best studied in Diez's Grammatik der Romanischen Sprachen and in his Wörterbuch; in M. Gaston Paris's L'Accent Latin, etc. In the Introduction to his Etymological Dictionary, Brachet acknowledges his obligations to Mätzner's Französische Grammatik, but he gives nevertheless much that is not to be found in Mätzner's work. Unfortunately the various works of Brachet do not always agree together. The French edition of Brachet's Dictionary treats the subject of Derivation easily and well.

The