I. From Simple Present, Infinitive, sentir, are obtained: Simple Future, Indicative.

II. From Participle Present, sentant, are obtained:

1. Simple Present plural, Indicative.

III. From Simple Present, Indicative: tu sens, nous sentons, vous sentez, are obtained

IV. From Simple Past, Indicative, je sentis, tu sentis, etc., are obtained:

je sent-isse

tu sent-isses

il sent-ît

Simple Past, Subjunctive:

nous sent-issions

vous sent-issiez

ils sent-issent.

V. From Participle Past, senti, are obtained all compound tenses j'ai sent-i, etc. j'avais sent-i, etc. j'eus sent-i, etc. j'aurai sent-i, etc. j'aurais sent-i, etc. j'aie sent-i, etc. j'eusse sent-i, etc. avoir sent-i, etc. ayant sent-i, etc.

ENGLISH OF THE FRENCH TENSES.

§ 332. The English given in the paradigms (§§ 338-349) is only one of several possible renderings.

PRESENT SIMPLE
PRESENT IMPERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST SIMPLE
PAST IMPERFECT
PAST PERFECT
FUTURE SIMPLE

FUTURE IMPERFECT

FUTURE PERFECT

PRESENT

PAST

FUTURE

INDICATIVE MOOD.

I love, I do not love, do I love!

I am loving.

I have loved, I loved.

I loved, did I love, I did not love.

I was loving, I used to love, did I love, I loved.
I had loved.

I shall love, thou wilt love, etc.

I shall be loving, thou wilt be loving, etc.

I shall have loved, thou wilt have loved, etc. CONDITIONAL MOOD.

I should love, thou wouldst love, etc.

I should have loved, thou wouldst have loved
I should love, thou wouldst love, etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

The Subjunctive Mood of the French is (in mistaken imitation of the Latin Grammars) usually rendered, in Tables of Verbs, by the signs may, might. This is misleading. It must much oftener be turned into English by the corresponding tense of the Indicative. Often the "Accusative with the Infinitive" or some other idiom is the best rendering: Je nie qu'il soit en bonne santé. Croyez-vous qu'il le fasse ? Il désire que je le fasse. Je ne croyais pas qu'il le sût. Il va sans que je le sache. Il veut que je le dise.

With may, might (rare):

I deny that he is in good health.
Do you think that he will do it?
He desires that I should do it.
I did not think that he knew it.
He goes without my knowing it.
He will have me say it.

Il l'appelle afin que je lui parle.

He calls him so that I may speak to him.

Il l'avait appelé afin que je lui parlasse.

He had called him, so that I might speak to him.

The 3rd Person, Present Tense, Subjunctive Mood, may sometimes be rendered imperatively by the sign Let:' as, Qu'il aime: Let him love. Qu'ils aiment: Let them love.

INTRANSITIVE, REFLEXIVE, IMPERSONAL AND PASSIVE VERBS.

§ 333. Conjugation of Intransitive Verbs. *

I. In their Simple Tenses' INTRANSITIVE VERBS take the same inflexions as the Transitive Verks:

6

Tu dînes

Il dîne, etc.

II. In their Compound Tenses' most Intransitive Verbs are conjugated by the help of avoir,' like Transitive Verbs of the Active Voice :

(Transitive). J'ai aimé, I have loved.

(Intransitive). J'ai dîné, I have dined.

Some take être' instead of 'avoir.' † The Participle is then made to agree with the Subject of the verb, as if the verb were Passive. The following are the most important:

§ 334. Conjugation of Reflexive* and Reciprocal Verbs I. In their Simple Tenses' REFLEXIVE and RECIPROCAL VERBS take the same inflexions as ordinary verbs.

II. In their Compound Tenses' all Reflexive and Reciprocal Verbs are conjugated by the help of'être' instead of 'avoir.' The Past Participle must be made to agree in gender and number with the direct object of the verb, as, suis moqué de lui, I have laughed at him. Nous nous sommes moqués de lui, We have laughed at him.

Je me

III. Those Reflexive Verbs which would have no meaning in French without the Reflexive Pronoun, are said to be 'essentially' reflexive: + as, se moquer, (to) laugh at.

IV. Those which are merely Transitive Verbs used reflexively, are said to be 'accidentally' reflexive: as, se laver, (to) wash one's self, from laver (to) wash.

In the Imperative Mood toi takes the place of te: (§ 282.)

Moque-toi

Moquons-nous

Moquez-vous

Lave-toi

Lavons-nous

Lavez-vous

* Called sometimes' Reflective,' sometimes' Reflected' Verbs.

†There are a few such verbs in English; as, (to) bethink oneself, to betake oneself, etc.

§ 335. Impersonal Verbs.

I. Impersonal Verbs are defective. They are only conjugated in the third person, singular, of the Verb Finite, and in the Infinitive and Participles il faut, it is-necessary, il neige, it snows.

II. Those Verbs which are mainly, or always, used impersonally, are said to be essentially' impersonal: as,

Tonner, (to) thunder; il tonne, it thunders, etc.

Falloir, (to) be necessary; il faut, it is-necessary, etc.

III. Those which are merely ordinary verbs used impersonally are said to be accidentally' impersonal: as, Arriver, (to) happen; from arriver, (to) come.

§ 336. The Passive Voice.*

I. In French, as in English, there are no special Tenseforms for the Passive Voice. The tenses are formed by prefixing the various parts of the verb 'être' to the Past Participle; there are no simple tenses; all the tenses are compound: as,

I am loved.

I shall have been loved.

Je suis aimé.

J'aurai été aimé.

II. Hence, to conjugate a Passive Verb, it is sufficient to know the Past Participle of the Verb to be conjugated, and all the forms of the verb 'être.'

II. Unlike the Compound Tenses' of the Active Voice, the Past Participle agrees in the Passive Voice with the Subject of the Verb as in Latin: compare

(Active.) Nous avons aimé,

we have loved.

(Passive.) Nous sommes aimés, we are loved.

* The Passive is much less used in French than in English. Sometimes the ordinary active verb is preferred; sometimes a reflexive verb.