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1. The Disjunctive Personal Pronouns are sometimes

made more emphatic by the addition of the adjective même (-self), as:

moi-même

myself; I myself.

nous-mêmes

ourselves; we ourselves.

This form is called the "Definitive," and must not be confused with the "Reflexive."

Je me vois

Je le vois moi-même

I see myself

I see it myself.

Soi without même means oneself, himself, herself, itself, or themselves; but it is more emphatic when même is added.

Possessive Pronouns.

§ 284. The Possessive Pronouns are divided into

ADJECTIVE, determining a noun expressed:

Mon chapeau.

My hat.

SUBSTANTIVE, determining a noun understood, and stand

ing instead of that noun.*

Ce chapeau est le mien. That hat is mine.

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Use mon, ton, son instead of ma, ta, sa, when the next word begins with a vowel or unaspirated h: mon orange est bonne, my orange is good; son histoire est longue, his story is long.

§ 286. SUBSTANTIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
Singular.

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Plural.

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* Hence the use of the Article.

† Notice that leur has no special feminine form.

Demonstrative Pronouns.

§ 287. The Demonstrative Pronouns are divided into(1) ADJECTIVE, determining a noun expressed :

Ce portemanteau, this or that portmanteau.

(2) SUBSTANTIVE, determining a noun understood, and standing instead of that noun:

J'ai votre portemanteau, où est celui de votre père?
I have your portmanteau, where is your father's?

§ 288. ADJECTIVE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

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To prevent "hiatus," use cet

instead of ce when the next word begins with a vowel: cet omnibus, or unaspirated h: cet homme.

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OBSERVATIONS.-The adverbs ci (ici, here) and là (there) are added to the Demonstrative Pronouns to render them more definite, if necessary.

(a) In the adjective form they are joined to a noun :

Ce portemanteau-ci. This portmanteau (here, near me.) Ce portemanteau-là. That portmanteau (there, yonder.) (b) In the substantive form they are joined to the Pronoun itself:

Celui-ci this (here, near me).

Celui-là that (there, yonder).

Ce has also substantival use: C'est la vérité, it is the truth. Ce sont les portemanteaux. This ce strengthened, becomes ceci (this), cela (that). Ceci est à moi, cela est à vous-This is mine, that is yours. Ce qui, ce que what, not interrogative.

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Relative and Interrogative Pronouns.

§ 290. The Relative and Interrogative Pronouns have almost the same origin and the same forms. They are (quel excepted) entirely substantival.

§ 291. ADJECTIVE RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

SUBJECTIVE quel

quelle quels

quelles

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OBJECTIVE

de quel de quelle de quels de quellesof which or what

à quel à quelle à quels à quellesto which or what.

Examples.

SUBJECTIVE Je ne sais quel livre est sur la table.
Je ne sais quel livre il a reçu.

OBJECTIVE

Je ne sais avec quel livre il s'amuse.
Je ne sais de quel livre vous parlez.

Je ne sais à quel livre il a ajouté une page.

§ 292. SUBSTANTIVE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. a. Qui, who (persons).

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* Dont is derived from de and unde (whence). Compare en and y.

B. Qui, which (animals or things).

Qui (which) is defective. The parts that are wanting are supplied by lequel, the substantival form of quel.*

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OBJECTIVE

γ.

to which.

Le livre que vous avez là.

Le livre avec lequel vous vous amusez.
Le livre duquel (or dont) vous parlez.
Le livre auquel on a ajouté une page.

What that which.

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SUBJECTIVE

OBJECTIVE

Faites ce qui est juste.

Faites ce que je vous ordonne.

Je ne sais avec quoi vous-avez fait cela.
Je ne sais de quoi vous vous tourmentez.
Je ne sais à quoi vous pensez.

§ 293. ADJECTIVE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. Quel? which?

what?

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OBJ.

Quel livre a-t-il ?

Avec quel livre s'amuse-t-il?

De quel livre parlez-vous ?

A quel livre a-t-il ajouté une page?

* Compare votre, le vôtre, notre, le nôtre, etc. Lequel (from quel) may also be employed instead of the existing parts of qui, which.

+ Quoi and what in je ne sais quoi, I know not what, is an Indefinite

Pronoun.

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