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in doses of from three to five drops (for an adult) in water once or more in the day; but the effects of both this and the arsenic require to be carefully watched during their administration, and they must be discontinued as soon as they appear to produce any sickness or heat in the stomach. In addition to these, various other internal means have been recommended, and sometimes found useful, as decoctions of dulcamara, mezereon, and orchis, antimony, sulphur, &c. Indeed, in many cases it is found necessary to try one means after another without any rule, till one is found which produces benefit. External remedies are generally of less value than internal. The most approved are vapour and sulphur baths, and ointments or lotions containing very small quantities of nitrate of mercury, or white precipitate, or kreasote, or alkalis. These however can only be employed in the later stages of the disease: in the earlier, the mildest fomentations give relief, and all kinds of irritants must be carefully avoided.

PSYCHE (x). Apuleius is the first writer who relates the loves of Cupid and Psyche (Metamorph., lib. iv., v.). According to his account, Psyche was the most lovely creature that the world ever beheld. People flocked from all parts to see her, and neglected the worship of Venus, who became in consequence so incensed against her, that she commanded her son to inspire Psyche with love for some vile creature. Cupid however, instead of obeying the commands of his mother, became enamoured with Psyche, and made her his wife. She was however subsequently deserted by him for disobeying certain injunctions which he had given her. Inconsolable at her loss, she wandered through the world in search of him, and after enduring many trials and sorrows, was at length united to him. Jupiter conferred upon her immortality, and her union with Cupid took place with the approbation of Venus and the other deities. A child was soon afterwards born to them, who was called Pleasure.

Many writers consider the above tale an allegory, representing the union between the divine love and the human soul. The word Psyche signifies in Greek both 'soul' and a 'butterfly.' We frequently find in antient works of art Cupid pressing Psyche to his bosom in the form of a butterfly. It is thought by some modern writers that Psyche, or the soul, was personified in the form of a butterfly in the earlier representations of the allegory. When Psyche is represented with a human form, the wings of the butterfly are usually placed on her shoulders.

Though Apuleius is the first writer who mentions the loves of Cupid and Psyche, it is supposed the tale must have been current before his time, as there are many works of art representing this subject, which appear to have been executed before the second century of the Christian æra, (Brit. which was the time in which Apuleius lived. Museum, Townley Gallery, vol. i. pp. 147-148, Lond. 1836.) PSYCHOTRIA, a name variously derived, which is applied to a rather large tropical genus of the division of the great It is family of Rubiaceae which is called Cinchonacea. characterised by having a calyx 5-parted, somewhat entire; corolla regular, funnel-shaped, five (rarely four) cleft; stamens five, rarely four, exserted or included within the throat of the corolla. Stigma bifid. Berry drupaceous, crowned with the limb of the calyx, usually marked with Nuts ribbed; single ten ribs, and containing two nuts. seeded. Trees or shrubs; rarely herbaceous plants. Some of the species are ornamental in foliage, and one, P. parasitica, as its name indicates, is found growing on trees in the West India Islands.

Several of the species are supposed to possess considerable medicinal properties. P. emetica is a small under-shrub, a native of New Granada on the banks of the Magdalena, and probably of other parts of South America; the Cephalis emetica of some other authors. The stem is erect, simple, hairy, and tomentose; leaves oblong, acuminate, narrow at the base, membranous, ciliate, rather hairy on the under surface; stipules very short, ovate, acuminate; peduncles few-flowered, axillary, sub-racemose. This species has long been celebrated as yielding the black or Peruvian or striated ipecacuanha, which, analysed by Pelletier, gave of emetine 6, fatty matter 2, and of starch and ligneous matter, the latter bearing but a small proportion, 92. P. herbacea is an Indian species used for the same purposes. The roots of P. sulphurea and of P. tinctoria are employed in dyeing.

PSYCHRISTUS, JACO'BUS ('Iákwßos Tuxpioros), a celebrated physician of the fifth century. He was very

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eminent,' says Freind (Hist. of Physic), for his great in
sight into philosophy and physic, which he learned from
his father Hesychius (who was also a physician), and who
had travelled into a great many countries in the pursuit of
knowledge. He was made count and archiater to Leo the
Great, or the Thracian (who reigned from A.D. 457 to 474),
and was so much beloved by this emperor and the people,
that the senate set up a statue for him in the baths of Zeu-
xippus, built by Severus. (Malelas, In Vitâ Leonis.) Isidore
of Gaza, called by others the Pelusiote, who flourished in
the time of Justinian, saw another erected to him at Athens.
(Photius, § 559.) And this author gives a further account
of him, that he was an Alexandrian, though his family was
originally derived from Damascus; that he had great expe-
rience in physic, and did many wonderful cures; that in his
practice he frequently ordered clysters and suppositories;
that in surgery he seldom made use of fire or the knife, and
was no friend to bleeding. He was preferred to all the
modern physicians by his scholar Asclepiodotus, who grew
famous for reviving the use of white hellebore, which in
that time had grown quite out of vogue, and was not so
much as known to Jacobus himself. Suidas is still larger
in his praise of this Jacobus, and says he attained to a per-
fect knowledge in physic, both in theory and practice: that
he excelled all his contemporaries, that he might be com-
pared to the antients, and was superior to many of them.
that he was beloved and adored by his patients, who thought
him inspired by heaven; that they had an implicit faith in
him, because they never found his prognostic fail. Such an
eagerness had he for improving his own art, that they
thought the soul of Esculapius was transfused into him.
Kuster tells us he has retrieved his true name Vixporos out
of Malelas, whereas in the former editions of Suidas it was
printed Yuxóxpiros; however, in the translation of Aëtius
(Tetrab., iii., Serm. 4, cap. 43, col. 608), we read Psy-
christus. But I have reas a to believe that both these read-
ings are wrong; and if we consult Alexander Trallianus,
we shall plainly discover that it ought to be read Yuxoxono-
τος οι Ψυχρόχρηστος (for it may be either), as Φιλόχρηστος
for he says in express terms that this name was applied to
Alexander gives him the epithet of θεοφιλέστατος,
him, öri vypalovog τpodÿ éxéxento (lib. v., cap. 4, p. 249, ed.
Basil).
and Suidas, after him, calls him Otopeλng: and therefore there
must be an error in the text of Photius, where he and his
father it is said aσeßée ño0nv: and whoever attends to what
follows in Photius, will perceive it ought to be read ɛ¿œɛßéɛ.'
To this account by Freind, it should be added that (appa-
rently to increase his influence over his patients) he pre-
tended to be able to divine their thoughts as well as to dis-
tinguish their diseases. Some of his medieal preparations
are preserved by Alexander Trallianus (pp. 645, 649), but
he does not appear to have left any works behind him. (See
also Kühn, Additam. ad Elench. Medicor. Veterum à J. A.
Fabricio in Bibl. Gr. Exhibitum, 4to., Lips., 1838, Fascic.
xvii.)

PSYLLA (Geoffroy), a genus of insects belonging to the family Aphide, which, according to Latreille, forms the second family of the Homopterous Hemiptera.

The Psyllæ are minute insects, allied to those commonly called plant-lice, and live upon trees and plants, from which they derive their nutriment by suction, and in so doing they often produce excrescences somewhat resembling gall-nuts, particularly on their leaves and buds. They have two joints to the tarsi; the antennæ are composed of ten or eleven joints, the last of which have two bristles; both sexes have wings, and they possess the faculty of leaping. Their larvæ usually have a very flat body, broad head, and the abdomen rounded behind: the legs are terminated by a little membranous vesicle accompanied beneath with two hooks. Four wide and flat pieces, which are the sheaths of the wings, distinguish the pupa state; several of the species in this The species are very numestage, as well as in the larva state, are covered with a white substance resembling cotton. Mr. Stephens records twenty-six species as natives rous, and are often named after the plants which they infest. of this country.

PSY'LLIUM, a name of a plant which occurs in Dioscorides, &c., supposed to be so named fron Psyllus (↓úλλoç), a flea, from the resemblance of the seeds to that insect. The plant, Plantago Psyllium of botanists, is common in the south of France; its seeds are small, oblong and flattish, smooth, slippery, and shining, abounding in mucilaginous matter; whence their decoction is employed as a demulcent, and for

many of the same purposes as linseed tea is in this country. They are also employed by the manufacturers of muslins, and hence form an article of commerce in the south of France. It is remarkable, according to Dr. Royle, that in the Eastern countries, where translations of Dioscorides continue to be employed for the description of medicinal plants and drugs, the seeds of another species of Plantago, the P. Ispaghula of Roxburgh (from the Persian Ispagool), should be employed for and considered identical with the fuslioon, that is, the psyllium of the Greeks.

PTARMIGAN. TETRAONIDE.]

To Collini, the director of the elector-palatine at Mannheim. we are indebted for the first introduction of this Heteroclite. He described the skeleton of the long-billed species from a specimen, found at Aichstädt near Solenhofen, in that Museum, and figured it in the Memoirs of the Palatine Academy' (Part. Phys., v. 58, et seq.).

Collini had well made out the head, the neck, the retrograde direction of the trunk, the small tail, the left leg, and the two arms; but beyond this he seems to have been at a loss. He came to the conclusion that the animal was neither a bird nor a bat; inquired whether it might not be some amphibian; and finished by expressing his opinion that the type must be sought among the marine vertebrata. Blumenbach took a widely different view of the subject, and referred this extraordinary form to the Palmipede or web-footed birds.

PTEROCARPUS (from πτερὸν, a wing, and καρπός, fruit, from its pod being winged), a genus of the natural order.of Leguminosa, containing many plants valuable for the nature of their products, and all of which are found indigenous in the tropical parts both of the Old and New World. The calyx is 5-cleft, corolla papilionaceous, sta- Professor Hermann of Strasburg, who drew upon his mens 10, ovary long-stalked. Legume indehiscent, irre-imagination for a restoration of the animal, and clothed it gular, somewhat orbicular, surrounded with a wing, often in a hairy skin, considered it to be a mammal, and assigned rugose, and 1-seeded. The species are about 20 in number, to it a situation between the mammiferous class and birds, forming trees or shrubs: Leaves unequally pinnate, with still more intermediate than that occupied by the bats. the inflorescence in axillary racemes or forming terminal panicles. Many of the species, as P. dalbergioides, Marsupium, Indicum, and Santalinum, afford excellent timber; some, as the bark of P. flavus, are employed in dyeing; and others are thought to possess medicinal properties.

P. dalbergioides is a native of the Andaman Islands, where it grows to an immense size, and forms a valuable timber-tree, of which the wood is known as Andaman red wood, from its resemblance to mahogany; but it is redder, heavier, and coarser grained, though that of the root is finer than that of the stem. It was introduced by Col. Kyd into the Calcutta botanic garden in 1794, whence it has been spread into the country. P. Santalinus, or three-leaved Pterocarpus, is a native of India, which yields the Red Sandal or Red Saunder's wood of commerce, a substance long known for its employment in medicine, being described in the works of the Arabs under the name of sundroos. The tree is distinguished by having the three leaflets roundish, retuse, and glabrous. Racemes axillary, simple, or branched. Stamens triadelphus (5, 4, and 1). The wood from the centre of the tree is imported in large billets, which, when fresh, are of a brilliant red colour, but which gradually deepens by exposure to air, so that the outside becomes blackish-coloured. It is insipid, inodorous, and takes a fine polish, and may be distinguished from Brazil wood by the latter yielding its colour to water alone, whilst the red-sandal wood barely tinges it.

Many of these trees exude a reddish-coloured juice which hardens into a kind of astringent gum. The name of dragon's blood has been applied to that from P. Draco, a native of South America and the West India islands, as well as to the similar product of several other trees, while that of P. erinaceus has long been considered to be the real Kino of the west coast of Africa.

This substance seems to have been first mentioned by Moon, in his travels into the interior of Africa, as quoted by Murray, App. Med.,' vi., p. 202, as a red gum issuing from incisions in trees, which he mistook for dragon's blood. Dr. Fothergill introduced this into British practice in 1757, having been first indebted to Dr. Oldfield for information respecting its virtues. The red astringent gum, or Kino, as it was called, was said to have been procured out of a ship from the coast of Africa. Mungo Park discovered a tree, which he found called pao de sangue by the Portuguese, on the coast of Senegal, and which was afterwards ascertained to be P. erinaceus of Lamarck. Substitutes were early introduced for this substance, so that doubts may be entertained respecting what was originally employed, as the name Kino is so similar to the Sanscrit and Hindu names, Kinsuka and Kuenee, of the gum of Butea frondosa, which is, no doubt, one of the earliest substitutes for this substance. [KINO.]

P. Marsupium is another species, a native of the Circar Mountains of India, and grows to a large tree. It also exudes a red juice which hardens into a strong simply astringent gum of a dark red colour, so much resembling that of the Butea frondosa, that, according to Dr. Roxburgh, the same analysis might answer for both. [KINO.] PTERO'CERÄS. [STROMBIDE.] PTE'ROCLES. [TETRAONIDE.] PTERODACTYLE (Pterodactylus of Cuvier; Ornithocephalus of Sömmering), a genus of fossil Saurians, whose type is entirely extinct

Sömmering also arranged the form among the mammals in the neighbourhood of the bats, not without an elaborate detail of the reasons which had conducted him to that conclusion.

It was reserved for the penetrating eye and acute but patient investigation of Cuvier effectually to destroy these theories, supported though they were by weighty authorities: the satisfactory reasoning by which he disposes of them one after the other, and proves conclusively from the organ ization of the animal that it was a Saurian (in which opi nion he was supported by Oken) will be found at large in the fifth volume of the last edition of his Ossémens Fossiles. Our limits will not permit us to detail the links of the harmonious chain of his proofs; and we must here content ourselves with observing that the form of the os quadratum appears to have been the principal key by which the great French naturalist solved this intricate zoological puzzle, and detected its Saurian character. Behold," says he, after having built, as it were, the animal before our eyes, an animal which, in its osteology, from its teeth to the end of its claws, offers all the characters of the Saurians; nor can we doubt that those characters existed in its integuments and soft parts-in its scales, its circulation, its generative organs. But it was at the same time an animal provided with the means of flight, which, when stationary, could not have made much use of its anterior extremities, even if it did not keep them always folded as birds keep their wings,which nevertheless might use its small anterior fingers to suspend itself from the branches of trees, but when at rest must have been ordinarily on its hind feet, like the birds again; and, also like them, must have carried its neck suberect and curved backwards, so that its enormous head should not interrupt its equilibrium.'

Well may Cuvier remark, that of all the beings whose antient existence is revealed to us in his great work above alluded to, these Pterodactyles are the most extraordinary; and that if we could see them alive, they would be the most at variance with living forms. Their flight was not performed by means of ribs as in the dragons [DRAGON]; nor by means of a wing without distinct fingers, like that of a bird; nor by a wing leaving the thumb alone at liberty, as in the bats; but by a wing sustained principally on one very elongated finger, whilst the rest preserved their ordinary brevity and their claws. At the same time these flying reptiles-a denomination almost contradictory-have a long neck, the bill of a bird, everything in short that could conduce to give them a strange aspect. (Oss. Foss.)

Dr. Buckland (Bridgewater Treatise) ranks these flying reptiles among the most remarkable disclosures made by geology, and considers them as presenting more singular combinations of form than we find in any other creatures yet discovered amid the ruins of the antient earth. He calls attention to the extraordinary discordance of opinion respecting a creature whose skeleton was almost entire, and observes that this discordance arose from the presence of characters apparently belonging to each of the three classes to which it was referred; the form of its head and length of the neck resembling that of birds, its wings approaching to the proportion and form of those of bats, and the body and tail approximating to that of ordinary mammalia. These characters, connected with a small skull, as is usual among reptiles, and a beak furnished with not less than sixty

pointed teeth, presented, he remarks, a combination of apparent anomolies, which the genius of Cuvier reconciled. In his hands,' says the Professor, in continuation, this apparently monstrous production of the antient world has been converted into one of the most beautiful examples yet afforded by comparative anatomy, of the harmony that pervades all nature in the adaptation of the same parts of the animal frame to infinitely varied conditions of existence. In the case of the Pterodactyle, we have an extinct genus of the order Saurians, in the class of Reptiles (a class that now moves only on land or in the water), adapted by a peculiarity of structure to fly in the air. It will be interesting to see how the anterior extremity, which in the fore-leg of the modern lizard and crocodiles is an organ of locomotion on land, became converted into a membraniferous wing; and how far the other parts of the body are modified so as to fit

the entire animal-machine for the functions of flight. The details of this inquiry will afford striking examples of numerical agreement, in the component bones of every limb, with those in the corresponding limbs of living lizards, and are at the same time illustrative of contrivances for the adjustment of the same organ to effect different ends.' Dr. Buckland observes that we are already acquainted with eight species, varying from the size of a snipe to that of a cormorant. Hermann von Meyer enumerates the following named species:

1. Pterodactylus longirostris, Cuv. (Ornithocephalus longirostris, Sömm.; Pterodactylus crocodilocephaloides, Ritgen). Locality, Solenhofen. (About the size of a woodcock.)

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4. Pterodactylus medius, Münster. Locality, Solenhofen.

5. Pterodactylus Münsteri, Goldf. Locality, Solenhofen.

6. Pterodactylus Macronyx, Buckland (Ornithocephalus Banthensis, Theodori).

Localities, Lyme Regis, Buckl.; Banz (Germany), H. von Meyer. (Size about that of a raven; wings, when expanded, about four feet from tip to tip.)

7. Pterodactylus grandis, Cuv. (Ornithocephalus gigan teus, Sömm.).

Locality. Solenhofen? (About four times as large as Pt. longirostris.)

8. Pterodactylus Bucklandi, Goldf.

Locality, Stonesfield.

Dr. Buckland remarks that in Pterodactylus Macronyx (lias at Lyme Regis) there is an unusual provision for giving support and movement to a large head at the extremity of a long neck, by the occurrence of bony tendons running parallel to the cervical vertebræ, like the tendons that pass along the back of the Pigmy Musk (Moschus pigmaus) and of many birds. This provision, he observes, does not occur in any modern Lizards, whose necks are short, and require no such aid to support the head. In the compensation which these tendons afforded for the weakness arising from the elongation of the neck, Dr. Buckland sees an example of the same mechanism in an extinct order of the most antient reptiles, which is still applied to strengthen Vo XIX-0

[Pterodactylus crassirostris. (Goldf.)

Pterodactylus crassirostris, restored. (Goldf.)

other parts of the vertebral column in a few existing species of Mammalia aud birds.

The same author points out that the three first fingers of the Pterod. ctyle agree in structure with those of the forefoot of living Lizards; but as the hand of the fossil reptile was to be converted into an organ of flight, the joints of the fourth or fifth finger were lengthened to become expansors of a membranous wing. Thus in Pt. longirostris, he observes, the fourth finger is stated by Cuvier to have four

elongated joints, and the fifth or ungueal joint to be omitted, as its presence is unnecessary. In the Pt. crassirostris according to Goldfuss, this claw is present upon the fourth finger, which thus has five bones, and the fifth finger is elongated to carry the wing. Throughout all these arrangements in the fore-foot the normal numbers of the type of Lizards are maintained. If.' continues Dr. Buckland, as appears from the specimen engraved by Goldfuss, of Pt. ci assirostris, the fifth finger was elongated to expand the

wing, we should infer, from the normal number of joints in the fifth finger of Lizards being only three, that this wingfinger had but three joints. In the fossil itself the two first joints only are preserved, so that his conjectural addition of a fourth joint to the fifth finger in the restored figure, seems inconsistent with the analogies that pervade the structure of this and of every other species of Pterodactyle, as described by Cuvier. According to Goldfuss, this species had one more toe than Cuvier assigns to the other species; in this respect it is so far from violating the analogies we are considering, that it adds another approximation to the character of the living Lizards.' After referring to the difference manifested in Pt. crassirostris from the other Pterodactyles, in having the fifth instead of the fourth finger elongated, as above noticed, for the purpose of expanding the wing, Dr. Buckland states that it is however probable that the fifth toe had only three joints, for the same reasons that are assigned respecting the number of joints in the fifth finger; and he observes that in Pt. longirostris, Cuvier considers the small bone in the foot to be a rudimentary form of a fifth toe.

Geological Position.-Lithographic limestone of the Jura formation at Aichstädt and Solenhofen, which abounds with remains of fish, and of brachyurous and macrurous crustaceans, and where Xiphosuri (Limulus) not unfrequently occur. The fish examined by Cuvier belonged, partially at least, to marine genera. He distinguished, for example, a well characterised species of anchovy, probably Clupea sprattiformis, Bl. Libellule and other insects have also been found in this Solenhofen slate. The other localities are Lyme Regis (lias), Bantz, and Stonesfield (oolite).

Habits, Food, &c.-Cuvier, speaking of the Solenhofen district, observes that there is no doubt that at the time of the deposit of the lithographic slate, there lived in that canton crocodiles, Limuli, and other beings whose geographical distribution is now confined to the torrid zone,* togegether with these flying Saurians, which flitted about by means of the membrane sustained by a single finger, suspended themselves and perhaps crept by the aid of the other ihree fingers, stood upon their hind legs only, and had their enormous gape armed with small pointed teeth, fit only for seizing insects and small animals.

Dr. Buckland thinks it probable that the Pterodactyle had the power of swimming so common in reptiles, and now possessed by the Vampire Bath of the island of Bonin. Bridgewater Treatise.) Thus,' says the Professor, like Milton's fiend, all qualified for all services and all elements, the creature was a fit companion for the kindred reptiles that swarmned in the seas or crawled on the shores of a turbulent planet:

"The Fiend

O'er bog, or steep, through strait, rough, dense, or rare, With head, hands, wings, or feet, pursues his way, And swims, or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or flies." With flocks of such-like creatures flying in the air, and shoals of no less monstrous Ichthyosauri and Plesiosauri swarming in the ocean, and gigantic crocodiles and tortoises crawling on the shores of the primeval lakes and rivers, air, sea, and land must have been strangely tenanted in these early periods of our infant world.' (Geol. Trans., N. S., iii., part 1.)

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In the Bridgewater Treatise' we find the size and form of the foot, and also of the leg and thigh, adduced as showing that the Pterodactyles had the power of standing firmly on the ground, where, with their wings folded, they possibly moved after the manner of birds, and an opinion that they could also perch on trees, and climb on rocks and cliffs, with their hind and fore feet conjointly, like Bats and Lizards.

Cuvier, as we have seen, conjectured that the food of these flying Saurians consisted of insects and other small animals, and he thought that, from the magnitude of their eyes, they may have been also noctivagous. Dr. Buckland refers to the presence of large fossil Libellulæ, or Dragonflies, together with many other insects in the same quarries with the Solenhofen Pterodactyles, and to the occurrence of the wings of coleopterous insects, mingled with the bones of those Saurians in the oolitic slate at Stonesfield, as proof that large insects existed at the same time with them, and that they may have contributed to their supply of food. He adds however that the head and teeth of two species of Pterolactyle are so much greater and stronger than is necessary • A fine species of Limulus has been taken near Boston, in North America. Bonin Roussette (Pteropus).

for the capture of insects, that the larger species of them may possibly have fed on fishes, darting upon the latter from the air, after the manner of Sea-Swallows, or Terns, and Solan Geese. The enormous size and strength of Pt. crassirostris, he observes, would not only have enabled it to catch fish, but also to kill and devour the few small marsupial mammalia which then existed upon the land. PTERODICTYUM. [POLYPIARIA.] PTEROGLOSSUS. [RAMPHASTIDE.]

PTEROLO'BIUM, a small genus of plants of the natural family of Leguminosa, so named from its pod ending in a membranous wing. The genus was first mentioned by Mr. Brown, in the appendix to Salt's Travels in Abyssinia,' and from a species, the Kantuffa, which is also named by Bruce, and described by him as being ordered to be cut away from the roads when the king was going to travel. The genus is found in India as well as in Africa, and even the species Kantuffa occurs there, as it is the Caesalpinia lacerans of Roxburgh, but referred to Mimosa by De Candolle, and called M. Kantuffu; having been ascertained to be identical with the Indian plant, and belonging to this genus, it has been called Pterolobium lacerans. The genus contains only a few species of trees and climbing shrubs covered with strong sharp hooked prickles. PTEROMYS. [SCIURIDE.]

PTEROPLEURA. [GECKO, vol. xi., p. 105.]

PTERO'PODA, Cuvier's tenth class of Mollusks, Aporobranchianta of M. De Blainville, who divides the order into the Thecosomes and Gymnosomes.

Cuvier defines his Pteropoda to be mollusks which swim like the cephalopods in the sea, but are unable to fix themselves, or creep there, from the want of feet. Their organs of motion consist only of fins, placed like wings at the two sides of the mouth, and they are stated to be all hermaphrodites.

The following genera compose Cuvier's Pteropoda :—

1. Clio. [CLIO.] 2. Cymbulia. [HYALEIDE, Xii., p. 371.] 3. Pneumodermon. [CLIO, vol. vii., p. 266.] 4. Limacina. [HYALEIDE, vol. xii., p. 372.] 5. Hyalæa. [HYALEIDÆ, vol. xii., p. 372.] 6. Cleodora. [HYALEIDE, vol. xii., p. 373.] and 7. Pyrgo, described as a very small fossil shell, discovered by Defrance, globular, very delicate, and divided by a very narrow transversal slit. [THECOSOMATA.]

PTERO'PTOCHUS. [MERULIDE, vol. XV., p. 123.] PTE'ROPUS. [CHEIROPTERA, vol. vii., p. 26.] PTEROSOMATIDE. [NUDIBRANCHIATA, vol. xvi., p

360.]

PTEROSPERMUM (from the Greek word πтεрóv, signifying a wing, and oriρμa, a seed), a small genus of plants of the natural family of Byttneriacea, which is found in the Indian isles and the southern parts of India. The flowers being large and the foliage showy, have induced the cultivation of the species as ornamental trees all over India. The calyx is leathery, five-partite, tomentose outside, hairy within. Petals five, shorter than the calyx. Statens twenty (five sterile), united at the base into a column with the stalk of the ovary. Style slender, club-shaped. Seeds winged. The genus is small, but all the species form handsome trees, and, like most of the plants of the nearly allied order of Malvacea, abound in mucilage.

PTEROTRACHEA. [GASTEROPODA, vol. xi., . 92; NUCLEOBRANCHIATA; ATLANTA; Carinaria.] PTERUTHIUS. [LEIOTRICHANE.] PTILOCHLO'RIS. [VIREONINE.] PTILO'GONYS. [SHRIKES.]

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PTILOLEPTUS. [INDICATORINE, vol. xii., p. 459.] PTI'LONOPUS. [COLUMBIDE, vol. vii., p. 368.] PTILONORHYNCHUS. [STURNIDE.] PTILO'PACHUS, Mr. Swainson's name for a subgenus of rasorial birds placed by him under the genus Perdix in the family Tetramida.

Generic Character.-Bill small, slender. Nostrils yaked, very large, occupying one half of the length of the bill. Wings rounded. Tail broad, rounded, larger and longer than in Perdix; the feathers very soft. Feathers of the back and rump with the shafts thickened and apparently spinous, as in Ceblepyris. Tarsus shorter than the middle Lateral toes nearly equal, claws considerably comGeographical Distribution of the Genus -Africa and India. (Sw.)

toe.

pressed. (Sw.)

Example, Ptilopachus erythrorhynchus.
Description.-Size intermediate between the quail and

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