APPENDIX A EARLY BELIEFS CONCERNING THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES a. According to JOSEPHUS in "Against Apion", Century I., A.d. HEZEKIAH and his College wrote Isaiah, Proverbs, Song MEN OF THE GREAT SYNAGOGUE wrote Ezekiel, The Twelve EZRA wrote his own Book and the Genealogies of Chron- II. THE MATERIAL THEN AT HAND FOR EXAMINATION OF THE TEXTS. Literal Translation of Aqiba's text, word for word into Origen's "Tetrapla" and "Hexapla". Cent. III. A.D. Jerome's Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Latin, Cent. V. A.D. Targum of Onkelos. Cent. V. A.D. (N.B.-The opinion that Ezra closed the Canon (c. 440 B.C.) rests only on a conjecture offered in the XVIth cent. by Elias Levita, who wrote on "The Origin and Nature of the Masorah" in 1538; edited by Ginsburgh, 1867.) APPENDIX B STEPS TOWARD A FULLER UNDERSTANDING OF THE OLD TESTAMENT I. THE EARLIEST CRITICS. Philo of Alexandria. Origen of Alexandria and Palestine. II. FIRST CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON MODERN LINES. Abraham Ibn Ezra maintains "Isaiah" to be the work of two Spinoza's "Tractatus Theologico-Politicus" (1669), the first Jean Astruc, a French physician, points out two separate sources for Genesis (1753). Robert Lowth, Professor of Poetry in Oxford, lectures on the "Laws of Hebrew Poetry" (1753), applying them to the analysis of "Isaiah". III. ADVANCE IN SCIENCE, GIVING RISE TO DOUBTS OF ASSERTION IN Birth of Modern Philosophy, and New Departures in Science. Birth of Geology and Comparative Anatomy. Cent. XVIII. APPENDIX C DISCOVERIES IN THE NEAR EAST DURNG THE LAST CENTURY 1798. NAPOLEON takes to Egypt forty savants who make an exhaustive study of the ruins then visible. These he publishes with full text and superb colored plates as a "Description of Egypt", better known as "The Napoleon Books" (1809-1813). 1799. BOUSSARD discovers the "Rosetta Stone"; General Desaix finds another tri-lingual inscription in Upper Egypt. From these, CHAMPOLLION deciphers the clue to the ancient language of Egypt (1821-1826). 1845-1847. LAYARD (Austen Henry) discovers the ruins of Nineveh on the Tigris, and the palaces of Sennacherib and other rulers of Assyria. 1846-1851. RAWLINSON (Henry C.) discovers the tri-lingual inscription of Darius I. on the "Rock of Behistun" in Persia, and deciphers the one in wedge-shaped characters, thus recovering the lost language of Babylonia-Assyria. 1842-1845. LEPSIUS (Karl R.) explores all Upper Egypt, and publishes his finds in 1859. 1850-1880. 1881-1910. MARRIETTE (Augustus) makes many remarkable discoveries at Abydos; finds the rock-temple of Seti I. (Dyn. XIX.) and its "List of Kings" in Egypt from Mena down. MASPERO (Gaston) succeeds Marriette as Director of the Cairo Museum. Discovers the great cache of Royal Mummies at Deir el Bahri, where they had lain undisturbed since the time of Solomon. His many writings upon everything concerned with discoveries in Egypt are most valuable. 1887. Discovery of the "Tel el Amarna Letters" from the governors of the Syrian provinces to their Overlord, AMENHOTEP III., imploring aid against the Khabiri or Arab raiders of their lands. Others contain the negotiations for the marriage of Amenhotep IV. (IKH-N-ATON) with a princess of the Mitanni. 1901. Discovery of the CODE OF LAWS OF KHAMMURABI, king of Babylonia (2200 B.C.). 1907. Discovery of the tomb of QUEEN TIY and the mummy of HER SON, IKH-N-ATON, THE ARTIST, POET AND RELIGIOUS REFORMER OF Dyn. XVIII. RESULTS OF THESE DISCOVERIES The making over of Ancient History, and the clearing up of many Major authority upon the History of Egypt, SIR WILLIAM FLINDERS- Major authority upon that of Babylonia-Assyria, the late MORRIS |