I. The subject is either grammatical or logical.

The grammatical subject is either a noun or some word standing for a noun.

The logical subject consists of the grammatical subject with its various modifications.

Thus, "The consciousness of a well spent life is pleasant." Here consciousness is the grammatical, and the consciousness of a well spent life the logical subject.

If the grammatical subject is not modified, it is the same as the logical subject.

Thus, in the proposition, "John runs," John is both the grammatical and the logical subject.

EXERCISES.

Name the grammatical and logical subjects in the following propositions.

Ripe peaches are excellent. The love of virtue is commendable. A beautiful prospect is admired. Unripe apples are not wholesome. Wise men avoid temptation. Thomas will study his lesson. All boys do not study. All good boys study. Men often do wrong. Great men often do wrong. Great and virtuous men often do wrong. Man sins. The man sins. A man sins. That man is wicked. No man is perfect.

Thus lived and died Alexander the Great. Beautiful are the lofty trees of that extensive forest. Gloomy and dark art thou. Now heaves the enraptured breast with strong emotion.

How many kinds of subjects?

What is the grammatical subject?—the logical?

II. The subject is also either simple or compound. A simple subject is a single noun, or word standing for a noun, either alone or variously modified; as, "Life is short;" The longest life of man is

short."

A compound subject consists of two or more simple subjects to which one predicate belongs; as, "The moon and stars shone;" "Two and three make five;""This most excellent man, and that consummate villain, were born in London."

EXERCISES.

1. Tell whether the subject in each of the following propositions is simple or compound.

Virtue is often neglected. The most exalted virtue is often neglected. Virtue and vice are often treated alike. Socrates, the philosopher and friend of his country, was condemned to death. Socrates, the philosopher, and Cicero, the friend of his country, were condemned to death. You and I will go together. What goodly virtues bloom on the poisonous branches of ambition! Your servants, the accusers of my son, behaved improperly. The generous Valdez, and my Lord Ordonio, have arm and will to aid the noble sufferer. A storm of wind and rain arose.

Among the disciples of Zeno may be mentioned Perseus, Aristo the Chian, Herillus, and Sphaerus. Then rushed the steed to battle driven. Furious Frank and fiery Hun shout in their sulphurous canopy.

What have John and James done? What are men and angels compared to thee? What harm has that great and

good man done?

2. Form three sentences with a simple, and three with a compound subject.

What is a simple subject?-a compound?

Words are said to modify or limit others, when they serve to explain, describe, enlarge, restrict, or otherwise qualify their meaning.

A grammatical subject may be modified or limited in different ways:

1. By a noun, in the same case, annexed to it for the sake of explanation or description; as, "John the Baptist came."

2. By a noun or pronoun in the possessive case; as, ton's writings are sublime;" "My brother is here."

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3. By an adjunct; as, "The love of learning is commendable."

4. By an adjective or participle; as, "Envious time flies;" "The flowers fade;""All men die;" "A horse neighs ;" "He, shouting, made the onset."

5. By a relative pronoun, and the words connected with it; (a relative clause ;) as, "The boy who studies will improve."

6. By an infinitive; as, "A desire to learn is praiseworthy." 7. By an entire clause; as, "A belief that God is merciful affords consolation."

Remark.-A noun may be modified in any of the ways above mentioned, even when it is not the grammatical subject; as, "John the Baptist." Here Baptist is modified by the. "The love of sound learning is commendable." Here learning is modified by sound. "I know his devotion to the study of the works of nature." Here devotion is modified by the adjunct to the study; study is modified by of the works; and works by of nature.

EXERCISES.

What is the logical subject in each of the following propositions?-the grammatical? By what is the grammatical subject modified?

1. Nero the tyrant was hated. Cicero the orator was slain. Xenophon the historian was a disciple of Socrates. I John saw these things. We Christians are favored.

When are words said to modify or limit others?

What is the first way in which a gram

matical subject may be modified?-the second?-the third?-the fourth ?-the fifth ?-the sixth ?-the seventh?

MODIFIED ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, ETC.

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2. Bonaparte's energy was remarkable. Peter's book is torn. John's pen is spoiled. Plato's works are written in Greek. My knife is sharp. Your opinion is correct. Your opinion is correct. His imagination is lively. Their wants are great.

3. The love of money is the root of all evil. Beauty of form should not excite pride. Vulgarity in conversation is ungentlemanly. The voice of truth will be heard. The wish for happiness is general. Slaves to sin are miserable. The night after the battle was dark. A river in France is called the Seine. The men of pure heart shall see God. The hope of better things cheers us. The dominion of unbridled appetites must

cease.

4. Envious men are wretched. The longest life of man is short. The afflicted nation mourns. Short pleasure produces long pain. Then rose the wise Nestor. Vain are his fondest hopes. Short is our earthly life. Then rushed the steed to battle driven. Far flashed the red artillery.

5. He who does no good, does harm. The lady who gave me that book, is my friend. The bird which you saw, flew away. The child to whom you gave the toy, loves you. Many men whom indolence has sunk into obscurity, might have become eminent. He who disobeys the commands of God, will meet with certain punishment.

6. The time to study has arrived. A wish to be distinguished is manifest in him. An opportunity to go is presented.

7. A wish that he would consent was expressed. An assurance that he would come was given.

MODIFIED ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, ETC.

An adjective modifying a noun may itself be modified:

1. By an adjunct; as, "A pen is useful for writing."

What is the first way in which an adjective may be modified?

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INFINITIVES, ETC., AS SUBJECTS.

2. By an adverb; as, "That very large tree has fallen." 3. By an infinitive; as, "He is ready to go."

An adverb may be modified:

1. By another adverb; as, " More openly."

2. By an adjunct; as, "Agreeably to nature."

A compound grammatical subject, considered as one complex idea, may itself be modified; as, "All bad books are pernicious;" .” “The first two verses were sung."

All modifies not books alone, but the complex idea bad books; first modifies two verses.

EXERCISES.

1. By what are the adjectives modified in the following propositions?

Ajax was mighty in arms. He led a very unhappy life. That poem is exceedingly beautiful. Demosthenes was superior to Eschines in cloquence. John is ready to recite. He was extremely idle. This is wonderful to be related.

"Here rests his head upon the lap of earth

A youth to fortune and to fame unknown."

2. By what are the adverbs in the following propositions modified?

He was very highly esteemed. He was most ardently devoted to study. James is much more happy now. That book was published very recently. William studies best of all. He returned long before night.

3. How is the grammatical subject in the following propositions modified?

All bad men will be punished. All good boys love their parents. All men of integrity are respected. The black dog bites.

INFINITIVES, ETC., AS

SUBJECTS.

An infinitive, a participle used as a noun, or an entire clause, may be the subject of a proposition;

What is the second way in which an adjective may be modified?-the third? How may an adverb be modified?

What does all modify in this sentence, "All bad books are pernicious?"