57. The disjunctive personal pronouns are often connected with the

58. The disjunctive pronouns are found after a verb or a preposition and sometimes are used alone for the sake of emphasis; as, "C'est moi." It is I. "Parle-t-il de moi ?" Does he speak of me? "Lui, il est Allemand." He is a German.

58. Personal pronouns are placed after the verb in the imperative affir mative; as "Prenez-le." Take it. "Parlez-leur." Speak to them.

60. After the imperative affirmative, mot and TOI are substituted for me and te, except when followed by EN; as, "Donnez-moi un livre." Give me a book.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

61. The following, being always used with nouns, are called pronouns adjective:

62. The following, having a reference to nouns understood, are called

disjunctive possessive pronouns :

le mien, la mienne, les miens,

les miennes, mine.
les tiennes,

thine.

Shis, her, its,

la sienne,

les siens,

les siennes,

one's own.

le vôtre, la vôtre,

le leur, la leur,

63. Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the object possessed, and never, as in English, with the possessor; as, "son mari," her husband; "sa sœur," his or her sister.

64. MON, TON SON, are used instead of MA, TA, SA, befere nouns feminine beginning with a vowel or h mute; as, "mon âme," my soul; "son épou e," his wife.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

65. The relative pronouns are those which relate to a preceding noun or pronoun, which is called antecedent, and with which they agree in gender, number and person. They are:

"qui," who, which, that.

"de qui," of or from whom, whose; "dont," of or from whom, of or from which, whose; "de quoi," of or from what.

"a qui," to whom; "à quoi," to what.

"que," whom, which, that.

"lequel, m. s., laquelle, f. s., lesquels, m. pl., lesquelles, f. pl.," which, whom, that.

66. The following are interrogative:

"qui"? who or whom? "qui est-ce qui? de qui"? etc. "quoi? que? qu'est-ce que"? what? "de quoi"? etc.

"lequel? m. s., laquelle? f. s., lesquels? m. pl., lesquelles"? f. pl., which? 67. The following are always used with a substantive:

"quel, m. s., quelle, f. s., quels, m. pl., quelles, f. pl.," what? which?

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

68. The demonstrative pronouns serve to point out the thing or things spoken of. The following are called pronouns adjective:

69. Cet is used before a noun masculine beginning with a vowel or a silent h.

70. Ce is much used with est, is, and corresponds with the English it; as, C'est vous. It is you. C'est un livre. It is a book.

71. Ci, here, and là, there, are sometimes added to the noun after, ce, cette, ces; as, ce livre-ci, this book,; cette plume-là, that pen.

72. The following demonstrative pronouns refer to an object not named: ceci, this; as, Ceci est utile,

celu, that; Cela est inutile,

This is useful.

That is useless.

73. The following point out an object previously mentioned:

celui, m. s., celle, f. s., this, that.

ceux, m. pl., celles, f. pl., these, those.

74. Ce, celui, ceux, and celles, are also used with a relative pronoun in reference to a noun previously expressed; as, Celui qui fait son devoirHe who does his duty. Celui que j'aime-He whom I love.

PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES INDEFINITE.

75. Proncuns and adjectives indefinite have a vague and general signi

76. AUTRE, CERTAIN, CHAQUE, QUELQUE, QUELCONQUE, PLUSIEURS, TEL, TOUT, AUCUN, NUL, are used adjectively.

VERBS.

77. The verb être, to be, as it expresses existence, is called a verb substantive; all other verbs, as they contain an attribute or quality, are called verbs attributive. These are divided into verbs active or transitive; verbs passive; verbs neuter or intransitive; verbs reflective, and verbs unipersonal or impersonal.

MOODS AND TENSES.

78. A verb has five moods: 1. The infinitive, which denotes an action or state in an indefinite manner; as, aimer, to love. 2. The indicative, which affirms positively; as, Je parle-I speak. 3. The conditional, which affirms conditionally; as, Je parlerais si, etc.-I would speak, if etc. 4. The imperative, which implies command, request; as, Parle-Speak. 5. The subjunctive, which denotes an action or state in a manner dependent on a preceding verb, which implies doubt, fear, or desire, and to which it is connected by the conjunction que; as, Je doute qu'il vienne—I doubt whether he will come.

The tenses express the division of time. The simple tenses are expressed by a single word; as, Je travaille-I work. The compound are formed by the verbs avoir, to have, and être, to be, which are then called auxiliary; as, J'ai travaillé-I have worked.

88. To conjugate a verb interrogatively, the pronoun nominative is placed after the verb; as, AVEZ-VOUS DE L'ARGENT? have you any money?

89. If the nominative is a noun, it is placed at the head of the sentence, and IL, ELLE, ILS, or ELLES, after the verb, according to the preceding rule: as, vos FRÈRES ONT-ILS DE L'ARGENT? have your brothers any money?

90. The interrogation can also be formed by EST-CE QUE (is it that); as, EST-CE QUE VOTRE FRÈRE A DE L'ARGENT? has your brother any money? EST-CE QU'IL A DE L'ARGENT? has he any money?

91. The letter T-, between two hyphens, is placed after a verb ending with a vowel and followed by IL, ELLE, or ON, in interrogations; as, A-T-IL DES PLUMES? has he any pens?