signed his pension from the autocrat, his magnanimous spirit disdaining to sacrifice his principles to mercenary considerations. No fa oft shewn to him by the emperors of recruits, and when the Russians besieged Warsaw, he compelled them to retreat. Suwarrow advanced on that devoted city with a veteran army, breathing revenge, and de nouncing slaughter. Kosciusko performed all | Russia or France could lessen his zeal for the that courage and intuitive genius for the art of war could in his circumstances suggest. He exposed his own person on all occasions with the most daring intrepidity, and receiving a deep and dangerous wound was at length forced to surrender himself a prisoner. A horrible massacre of the Poles ensued, and Catharine the second of Russia, confined in a dungeon the hero, whose sole crime was patriotism. The emperor Paul freed him from bond, and he came to London on his way to America; the house where he resided became the resort of multitudes, -all parties being eager to pay their respects to the illustrious stranger. In America his reception was brilliant, but the climate disagreed with his constitution, and he embarked for France, imtient to participate in the liberal enterprize of the revolutionists. Russia declared war against France, and Koscuisko re welfare of his country, and he firmly declined all the proffered honors since they refused to grant the independence of Poland. The private life of Kosciusko was as eminently romantic, as his public career; he became the third husband of the high-born dame, who won his affections in the early spring of his age. By her he had a daughter, who glories in bearing his name. The last years of his life were passed with his faithful friend M. Ziltner, in the vicinity of Fontainbleau. During the autumn of 1817, they took a journey together to visit Switzerland, the cradle of so many patriots and heroes. At Soleure, in his sixty-fifth year, Kosciusko expired, and it is remarkable that the champion of Poland drew his last breath in the canton which gave birth to William Tell, the liberator of Switzerland. FREAM SEOID, MAC RI ALBA; B. G. THE ROOT OF HEROES, SON TO THE KING OF SCOTLAND, PRIMOGENITOR OF THE CLAN, GRANT. (Concluded from our last.) vering clings to the faith. He tries to escape. He must remain; for three-fold walls, and "IN opening youth," she said, "my spouse the son of other lands, the lands of friend-watchful eyes of magic surround him. With The viewless son of the rock, answering from his craggy steeps, and spreading the shouts of battle, or the noisy bursts of mirththe viewless son of the rock, to distant coasts, and as far as the path of the stars, repeated the endless fame; the blazing yet gentle name of Fream Seoid Gradhach, Mac Ri Alba, mighty in the clash of arms, and lovely in the halls of peace. ship to Alba; led by his father joined the brave to quell the dark disturbers of Iberia. The father of my Roalla, the light of many fields of fame, yielded his life for the cross; and by his side, my hero, gashed with many spears, lay motionless. Death was pale on his downy cheek; when a daughter of kings, whose eyes sparkled as stars on the face of night, beheld his form of manly grace. She came with demon powers to take from the field of strife a young warrior to dwell in her soul, a beam of joy. Roalla is saved from death-his wounds are closed; but the vestments, and the arms of his people are removed for ever. The feast and flowing robes of dark strangers are forced upon him, and arts of sorcery are spread to divide him from the cross; but firm as a towering rock of ocean, unmoved by dashing surges, his heart unwa the first streak of light in spring, the floating pennons of Iberia, winding in the lustre of steel, flash as the fire of heaven upon the foes of truth. In the wild struggle of arms, Roalla joins the ranks of Iberia. He saved my brother from the mortal thrust of an infidel. The castle is won. The banner of the cross waves on the battlements. The steel of Roalla and Godvera were lifted in battle; and their hearts, as two ever-green oaks, twined their unfading freshness. Roalla turned on me the lovely flame of his eyes, and the stolen sidelong glances of Aldela spoke the love of her heart. The blessing of the holy church, and the blessing of my father gave to Roalla a beating bosom that swam in joy. But a red meteor of night, a terrible demon, arose dreadful to our view. This spirit of evil had waited on the daughter of kings in her palace of ten thousand lights; and the slave of her will, he must follow her fallen fortunes. The soul of Roalla became a haunt of ghosts. The warrior of high achievements sinks to a feeble man. Changing as the inconstant moon, his face never is the same. He roams to shun his spouse. He flies from her, as a geni of dismay; but she will not leave him to wander unheeded through lands unknown. Faint as the last whisper of winds on woody crags, his speech murmurs affright-for many streams, from caverns of darkness have washed away his valor. His close covered soul is wrapped in the folds of fear, and he shrinks from touching the sword, which in brighter days often reeked with the blood of infidels. In low broken sounds his words of woe came on my ear, a moaning gale. "Soft smile of youth," he said, " those slender arms must rest from the heavy battle-axe; they were made to clasp the neck of beauty, that smooth cheek is fit only for a couch of flowers, and those curling locks, unsuited to the helmet, shall delight the fingers of a daughter of kings." A dagger of grief entered my soul, to hear him recal his hours of shame. As the wounded seaman sits lonely on a shelving shore, I mourned among strangers the dweller of my secret soul, in his thoughts lost to himself and me, though present to my sight. Gloomy spells overset all within his view. He-shudders in treading the green sward by day, lest blazing fires of the sun, at his feet, shall scorch him; or the prostrate daughter of night freeze his limbs, with her cold, pale, streamy rays. My prayers wearied all the saints; my gifts heaped every altar; my bleeding feet were torn by pilgrimages. A hoary saint spoke to me in accents of cheer. My hero should come forth as the shining orb of noon, when the bravest and kindest chief had shed, and mingled with mine, his distem pered blood. From the rising to the setting sun, I have sought, but could not find the chief, at once the bravest and most mild. The fleet of Lochlin came upon our little bark, The most valiant and kindest leader of hosts unbound our fetters. I beheld him in his flaming renown, the awful spirit of battle to chase the invader from his shores; and in peace the bright joy of feasts, the shield of the helpless. I must not crave a stroke of his sword or spear; and how could I gain the bloody cure of my spouse. My words of pride passed unheeded, as the idle gusts of wind fluttered the banners over his towers. I raved in despair, when the dear love of brothers, the love of Fream Seoid Mac Ri Alba, and Curaidh Gradcharach, Mac Ri Alba, arose to my mind. I poured in voice the muddy waters of contempt upon the champion, the arm of victory, great among the names of re The bravest and mildest chief gave combat as the high souled race of kings. My knight has returned to himself, and to me, and deeds of mercy shall raise the warlike fame of Fream Seoid. All the chiefs in the hall of feasts arose; and responding to the daughter of beauty, saluted Fream Seoid Mac Ri Alba with the style of Gradhach. "His first name," said the knight, "hath long been the war cry of heroes-his last, shall be to him, and to his race, the gladdening beam of feasts, the shelter of the unhappy." nown. THE ATTACHMENT OF PIPERS TO THEIR CHIEF. FROM the first invention of pipe music, until the feudal jurisdiction gave way to a more enlightened spirit of freedom, and so long as the feudal customs were in some measure retained, the piper had pre-eminence over all the multifarious establishment of a chieftain. The office became hereditary, by the sons qua B. G. : lifying themselves to succeed their fathers; or failing of sons, the nearest of kin was trained to figure as the "voice of war," and a certain extent of land, called the piper's portion, from generation to generation followed that appointment. The piper felt himself bound to live and die for his chief, and many instances of heroic self-devotion are still preserved by tra- || were rudely cut with a knife. The streamers dition. were of woollen yarn, manufactured perhaps In the first of a long series of feuds between || by the lady and her daughters. The threads were fine. The prevailing colors red; probably dyed with a plant called rhu, with which the ancient Gael gave their garments a hue between crimson and scarlet. The streamers of this primitive pipe were nearly all moth eaten, and so much stained with blood that no other color except yellow could the men of Athol and Argyle, a piper belonging to Campbell of Achnabreek, seeing the laird encompassed by foes, rushed among them, and stationing his person before his laird, continued to play to encourage his warriors. Darts and spears assailed him, and he fell beside the expiring object of his care. Both were left for dead; but Achnabreek recovered be discerned. They were like a broad high a little, as the piper had staunched his deepest lacerations. He blest the hand of faithful service; yet assured him no healing power could avail, and if the piper might make his way to Achnabreek castle, to defend the boy who soon should be his chief, the father would die satisfied. Then, and not till then the piper endeavoured to prolong his own days, and land garter, and seemed to have been fringed at the ends. The island of Islay, the royal residence of the Macdonalds of the isles, being invaded while the chief was absent, the enemy were making great progress, when a superannuated piper descried afar off, the returned fleet of his clan, approaching the isle, unpre reached the castle in time to prepare for re-pared to encounter a foe. On account of his sisting the men of Athol. The herb vulgarly called plaintain, was in ancient surgery valued as a specific for "wounds of steel;" and whenever the piper arrived at Achnabreek castle, the old nurses and then wife of the family, employed all their skill and exertion in collecting a quantity of plantain leaves, for the leech to beat with a pestle of birch. When formed into a cataplasm, this was applied fresh to the orifices, and frequently renewed. Before the enemy attacked the castle, the piper was in a condition to fulfil the last injunction of his laird. The Athol men were defeated; but the piper has been the mark for missiles, and with loss of blood is reduced to insensibility. The plantain cataplasm restores him so far that he desires to be conveyed to the great hall of the castle. His pipe inseparable from his fingers, as the colors of the regiment are in battle continually grasped by a brave young ensign-his pipe is still in his hand, and he composed a pibroch; but again || exhausted, leaned to the wall, singing as a chorus to his pibroch "My defect, my lamentable defect was to have been without three hands-one hand for the pipe, and two for the sword." With these aspirations of valor on his lips, the piper expired. His pipe hardened and tinged deep with blood, was long preserved in the family of Achnabreek. The form was very simple, being a bag of sheep's skin, in which reeds were fixed just as they had grown in a marsh, and the sound holes No. 165.-Vol. XXVI. great age this "echoing voice of battle," had been superseded by his son; but all his fire of youth rekindled to prevent the hazardous advance of the king of the isles; and he played extempore the pibroch, which to this day pertains to the Macdonald chieftain. It seems the chieftain interpreted the seasonable warning; but the invaders slew the piper for disappointing them, as they had concerted an ambush, to intercept and surprise the lord of the isles and his unguarded warriors. The Macdonalds of the isles were sovereign princes. They were crowned standing upon a stone seven feet square, in which were excavated places to admit the feet of the king. The bishop of Argyle anointed him, lord and king of the isles; and seven priests officiated to make responses, and to assist the monarch in ascending and descending the stone, where, during the coronation ceremonial he stood with the sword of his fathers in his hand. Remains of the regal castle are extant upon an islet on the lake Finlagan, about the centre of the island of Islay. The vestiges of the king's houses and chapels shew the extent of his wealth and power. He was constantly attended by a guard called the luich taighte, or chosen people. In the fifteenth century, the lord of the isles dying without male issue, the territory was divided among heirs general, and at a later period became subject to the Campbells. On the north west side of Islay, there is a curious, and almost subterranean 3 F labyrinth, employed by the lords of the isles as a refuge for helpless infants, children, superannuated men, and timorous women, when the king apprehended a formidable invasion. The famed Allister dhu of the isles was a terror to all the mainland proprietors, except Campbell of Duntroon, with whose family the warlike chief and his ancestors, had long maintained a bond of friendship. When Allister dhu ravaged all the coast, he spared to the castle. He told the islesmen that, if they wish to conquer by surprizal, he must have leave to sound a goodnight to the chief of the sky, dropping to rest in the western wave; for should not the well known salute echo along the mountains at sun set, all the friends and vassals of Nieloig would, in arms, assemble at the castle, to enquire the cause of silence. The piper is unbound; but the notes of the pibroch he composed for this emer Duntroon, and the gentlemen cadets, and fol-gency, announced the near incursion of ene lowers of that house, who received from their head Nieloig, tokens of protection, that were respected by the lord of the isles. Having completed his spoil, and dismissed the redoubtable agents of hostility, he came with a few favorites to the "castle of turrets," where he passed three days and three nights in jollity, and departed on the most amicable terms with his host. Unfortunately a dwarfish - creature, half knave, half fool, who made sport for the royal guest, thinking himselt aggrieved by a Macdonald, meditated sanguinary vengeance. From the bartizan he aimed an arrow at the offender, and mortally wounded him, as he sat close to the king of the isles, steering his berlin out of the bay. Having so few clansmen near to enforce his remonstrance, Allister dhu made no complaint of this outrage, but hastened home to equip a fleet for retaliating the apparent treachery. Believing the attack on his steersman had been sanctioned by Nieloig, the lord of the isles sent a small boat, with friendly ensigns, to spy the state of the castle. A promontory forms on the north west, the entrance to the harbour of Orinan. The piper happened to be on the side of that rock furthest from the castle. The streamers of the pipe directed the invaders to that place, and seizing the piper, they questioned him on what pretext an arrow was shot at the steersman of their chief. The piper vindicated Nieloig, and observing a fleet inferred the purpose of their voyage so close mies. The language of warlike music would seem to have been generally understood. The Macdonalds literally cut in pieces the faithful adherent of Nieloig, perceiving, that the pibroch warned them to shut the gates, and man the walls of the castle. The island king runs his tall ships along side of the lesser bark, stained with the blood of the piper; upbraided them for raising their steel against "the brave unarmed." With a view of atonement for their fault, the crew of that boat pushed for the shore, and climbed the rock on which stood the castle. They fire the massive gates, and the flame has spread to three turrets, when a herald bard, from Nieloig, de mands of the lord of the isles the grounds of his warfare. The base act of Abach Gorach is, for the first time made known to his laird. He is sentenced to the "tree of shame;" but Allister dhu asks, and obtains his pardon, and the bond of friendshipis renewed with Nieloig. The ghosts of the departed forefathers of Nieloig, and the spirits of the deep, collect the mangled corse of the piper. Tradition says not a joint was wanting. The islesmen, and warriors of Nieloig join in a lament, sung over him by all the bards of their people. A blue rock, washed by the flowing tide, was shewn as his sepulchre, not half a century ago. Old followers of the family remembered when it was not half so concealed by accumulated sand. (To be continued.) LITERARY GLEANINGS. ITALIAN METHOD OF RECKONING THE HOURS. A practice generally beheld by foreigners in || by the Italians in counting the hours. It pera false point of view, is the method observed plexes kes every new comer, and as the greatest one now by long habit, knows as well when it is day, as in what hour noon and midnight fall; so all kinds of reckonings are presently part of travellers every where chuse, to follow || time is divided into 24 hours; and as every their own way, and to adhere to their own rules and customs; so it is natural for them to find it a hardship, if all at once a considerable portion of their actions are entirely dis-made, in which the Italians seem to find a located. The German princes have already introduced into their Italian territories the method of counting the hours that prevails with us. The French dial, as it is called, which to the comfort of foreigners, has long been placed on the Trinita di Monte, will soon point out to travellers, both within and without side St. Peter's, their customary hours. Our way of reckoning will therefore gradually become ⚫ more common, though it will continue to meet with great opposition on the part of the populace; and certainly they lose by it a proper national custom, and hereditary mode of representation, and an extremely suitable habit. How often do we not hear travellers praising the beautiful country, the happy climate, the clear blue sky, the breathing gales, and the balmy air of Italy; and all this is for the most part true, and not exaggerated. But thence it follows, that all who can pass their time in the open air, chuse to do so, and enjoy in pleasure, or in busiuess the genial, breath of heaven. How many workmen of various kinds are employed in the streets and highways? How many have shops quite open on all sides? How many stand out with their articles of trade, in the markets, the squares, and in the courts. That with such a way of life, the moment when the sun sets, and the night comes on, should be more discriminate than with us, where it often happens that there is but little day light the whole day long, is easily seen. The day is actually at an end; all business of a certain kind should likewise be ended, and this point of time, as it is fitting it should with sensible people, has the same mark from one end of the year, to the other. It is now night (notte) for the twenty-fourth hour is never used in speech, as in France they say noon, (midi) and not 12 o'clock. The bell rings, every one says a short prayer, the servants light up the lamps, bring them into the room, and with "felicissima notte." From this epocha, which always returning at sun-setting, till the next sun setting, the pleasure, and a sort of amusement. There is a natural conveniency in this way of counting the hours, in all affairs they have the smallest reference to day and night; and one easily perceives how time came to be thus divided by a large and sensible body of people. Thus we find all workshops, schools, public offices, banks, open at all seasons of the year, till night; and every person may transact his affairs till then. Has he leisure time upon his hands, he may continue his promenades till sun-set, then repair to certain circles, and concert with them the amusements of the succeeding day. From half past one, till two at night, all flock to the theatres. And thus a man seems to live, from the first day of the year to the last, in the same time, because he performs all that relates to day and night, in the same succession, without giving himself the smallect concern, whether according to our mode of computation it be early or late. By this means the great concourse of passengers, both on foot and in carriages, which are seen in all the great towns in Italy, esper cially on sundays and holidays, in the princi pal streets and squares; and thus at the Corso of Rome, and at the Carnival, an enormous multitude of intractable people, by this mode of reckoning the hours are guided and ma naged as it were by a string. Nay, by. dividing day and night so distinctly from each other, certain bounds are set to luxury, which so readily confounds day and night together, and uses the one for the purposes of the other. I grant the Italian might lead the same course of life, and yet compute the hours after our method; but the instant that separates day from night, is to him, under his propitious sky, the most important epoch of the day. It is even sacred to him, as the church always enjoins the vespers according to this point of time. I took notice, both at Florence, and at Milan, that several persons, though the public clocks are all marked with figures in the manner of ours, yet continued their watches and regulated their domestic economy by the old mode of computation. From all this to which I might add a great deal more, it wil |