make a comparison, or to point out a means: LE CAPITAINE, avec cinquante hommes, ÉTAIT PARVENU à se rendre maître de la ville. Un capitaine, avec cinquante hommes qui étaient venus pour sauver Elie, FURENT consumés par le feu du ciel. 9. - Feu, late. Invariable when placed before the adjective, and variable if the adjective precede it: Feu ma sœur, my late sister; la feue reine, the late queen. Nu, naked, bare. pieds, pieds-nus, barefoot; tête-nue, bare-headed. 10. Nu nu-tête, BLEU-CLAIR (of the colour called light blue). ivres16. Compound morts, dead-drunk; NOUVEAUXNés, new-born, &c.-When the first remains invariable, it is considered as an adverb lo Les enfants nouveau-nés des Nègres; 20 Les NOUVEAUX venus furent bien reçus. 17. Gender of — with the word air.-Elle a l'air CAMPAGNARD (though she lives in a town, she has the appearance of a countrywoman). Elle a l'air campagnarde (she shows that she is a country 11. Demi, half.-Une demi-woman). The adjective agrees, if lieue, half a league; une lieue et good taste. We do not say, avoir that agreement is in accordance with demie, one league and a half; une demi-heure, une heure et demie. l'air bossu, and the like; but make Elle parait bossue. use of the verbs sembler, paraitre : 12. Passé, excepté, cijoint, ci-inclus, y compris, franc de port, mi-, supposé, do not vary when they precede the substantive, and agree when put after it: Vous trouverez CI-JOINT la note, you will find the note herein enclosed; dans la note CI-JOINTE, in the enclosed letter. 13. Proche, possible: П tua le plus d'hommes POSSIBLE, he killed as many men as he could. Tous les monstres POSSIBLES se reduisent à trois classes, all possible monsters are reduced to three classes. Used as adverbs, they do not agree. 14. In appearance, and invariable substantive in reality: Vêtu d'une robe VIO LETTE. Les couleurs du casque sont AURORE. Violette is a real ad jective, and it agrees with the substantive. Aurore ought to remain invariable; because it is a substantive, and makes a part of a qualificative and elliptical expression, which means de la couleur aurore. 15. Compound-bleu-clair, gris-obscur, &c.-The two adjectives vary when they qualify both the substantives to which they refer: Des cheveux CHATAINS-BRUNS. Etoffes BLEUES-CLAIRES (of a blue colour and a light tissue.) Etoffes modifies a substantive, and Variable when it invariable when it modifies a verb :-Les Polonais ne trouvent pas l'huile bonne, si elle ne sent bien FORT, Poles do not think oil good unless it has a strong smell. Cette liqueur sent très-mauvais, this liquor smells offensive. 19. Place of- The pronominal adjective generally precedes the noun, with the exception of quelconque: Une table quelconque, une raison quelconque, any table, any reason whatever. 24. In the language of passion, admiration, or pity, generally precedes the noun: -Un méchant homme, une mauvaise femme; quelle triste operation! quelle jolie fille ! 25. Which sometimes precede and sometimes follow the noun. There must be some analogy between the adjective and the noun, to admit of the former construction; thus we cannot say un sage homme, because homme does not necessarily infer any idea of wisdom, though we can say un sage magistrat, both upon a principle of analogy nd harmony. 35. Followed by Prompt, agréable, cher, favor impénétrable, odieux, sembl facile, insensible, enclin, access conforme, formidable, acci 26. - Expressing a quality natural to the noun may be placed before it :- Bon vin. 27. Expressing dental quality follows the noun: Vin rouge. If another adjective or any additional circumstance accompany the first class of adjectives, they both generally follow the noun: Une belleville, une ville belle et grande. If, however, both adjectives are equally in harmony with the idea expressed by the noun, they both may precede it: Un illustre et grave auteur, though we cannot say un illustre et classique auteur, because classique bears no necessary affinity with the noun. invis sujet, difficile, invulnerable, pro attentif, funeste, contraire, vis propice, antérieur, aisé, 27 pensable, accoutumé, ardent, es nuisible, redoutable, postér nécessaire, bon. 36. Followed by Digne, plein, différent, esc glorieux, fatigué, rassasié, ab jaloux, indigne, rempli, envi exempt, honteux, lassé, soign éloigné, désespéré, content, cap ambitieux, fier, complice, las, avide, affligé, mécontent, incap curieux. impatient, fou, ivre, victime, dé 37. Preceded by il require DE. Il est beau de fair bien. Il est utile de voyager. est cruel de tuer son semblable. 38. Two adjectives p ceding a substantive, a requiring different prep tions.—A substantive may follow | two adjectives, provided they are governed by the same preposition. When the preposition differs, each adjective must be followed by the preposition it requires. Ce père est utile et cher à sa famille. You could not say, Ce père est utile et chéri de sa famille, but ce père est UTILE à sa famille et EN est CHÉRI. This father is useful to his family, and is beloved by them. .... 39. Formation of the degree of comparison in the-(A. .)-Preceded by le plus, le mieux, le moins. If le modify a substantive, it varies ; if it modify an adjective or a participle, it is unchangeable. Les livres LES PLUS AGRÉABLES et LES plus utiles. Les livres qui vous sont LE PLUS AGRÉABLES. 40. are Which do not admit comparison. Such those which express an absolute quality, as, divin, éternel, excellent, extréme, suprême, immense, premier, &c. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES. Ce, followed by substantives or adjectives. Ce ought to be repeated before every substantive and every adjective. But if the adjectives refer to one single noun, ce will be expressed once only. Je prends CES tables et CES chaises; CES bons et CES mauvais conseils; CE sot et précieux jargon. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 1. Cardinal numeral adjectives are invariable, except un, which makes une in the feminine. and, with the article, les uns, les unes. 2. Numeral adjectives called ordinal have the two genders and numbers. 3. Vingt and cent remain invariable when they mark 20 or 100 units, or when they are multiplied by a number, and followed by another. But they take the mark of plural, if being multiplied they are not followed by a numeral adjective. J'ai sept cents francs; en l'an sept cent; vingt sous; quatre vingts; quatre vingts hommes; quatre vingt deux. 4. Mille is invariable; but mille, a mile, is a common substantive. MIL is used in the computation of the years of our era. L'an mil huit cent trois. But in mentioning an epoch anterior to the Christian era, or posterior to our own, we write mille. L'an deux mille de la création. 5. Douzaine, millier, centaine, million, &c., are substantives. 6. Cardinal adjectives are used instead of ordinal adjectives, in speaking of an individual in the series of kings, &c.: Louis onze, Charles douze, &c. But we say, François premier; and in speaking of Charles the V., Charles Quint; and the pope Sixtus the V., Sixte Quint. The cardinal adjective is used for a date: Le huit mai; but we say, le premier mai. 7. Un is repeated before two or more substantives united by ET, herent in one person. unless it points out two qualities inUn roi et un empereur; un empereur et roi. 8. Un is repeated or left out with two substantives united by ou. If we want to point out two or more distinct things, we repeat UN; if we only single out one thing, it ought not to be repeated. On eút pu trouver UN Polybe, UN Diodore, ou UN Plutarque plus complets que nous ne les avons. Il y a au-dessus de ses poils UN DUVET OU FEUTRE très-doux. 9. Un with two adjectives united by ET. It is repeated in speaking of two things. Il y a UN bon et UN mauvais goût, there is a good taste and a bad taste. 10. Un with two adjectives united by ou. Same principle as before. Peu lui importe UNE bonne OU UNE mauvaise administration. Sous UN prince faible ou peu laborieux. 11. Un, une, are used or sup pressed, as taste decides, before a substantive preceded by an adjective. Après un múr examen; après mûr examen. Ceci est d'un meilleur goût; cela n'est pas d'excellent goút. 12. L'un de, and un de. UN DE is used to express unity pure and simple; and L'UN DE where, besides that unity, we want to give an idea of determination. Cinna, UN de ses lieutenants, se rendit à Rome. Rousseau, L'UN des écrivains les plus eloquents du 18e siècle. 13. L'un de, un de, when the sentence is not incidental. UNE de mes chances était d'avoir dans mes liaisons des femmes auteurs. La perte cruelle de L'UN des auteurs de mes jours. Son, sa, ses, leur, leurs are used instead of EN, when the substantives which they define refer to proper names or personified objects. If they refer to names of things, they must be defined by le, la, les. La joie de l'homme rend sa vie plus longue. L'auteur d'un bienfait est celui qui EN recueille LE FRUIT le plus doux. 7. Mon, ton, son, or mien, tien, sien, preceded by UN. Il y a des poulets autour de MA maison. Au travers D'UN MIEN pré certain anon passait. This last ADJECTIVES (POSSESS-form is familiar and jocose. IVE). 1. before substantives, 8. Le mien, le tien, &c. united by ET. Ressemblez à vos Compared with MIEN, TIEN, &c. pères ET mères. Elle a perdu SON Mon erreur sera LA MIENNE. O toi, père ET SA mère. The repetition qu'un instant j'osai appeler MIENNE. implies distinction. This last turn is either emphatical or jocose. before substantives united by When the substantives represent different objects, the pronoun is repeated. SA modération OU SA constance. LEURS camarades ou amis. 2. with two adjectives united by ET. Same principle as above. J'avais à cœur la publication de MON dernier ET meilleur ouvrage. Ma bonne et ma mauvaise humeur. 3. Iwith two adjectives united by ou. Notre bonne ou notre mauvaise fortune dépend de notre conduite. Chacun sera jugé selon ses bonnes ou mauvaises œuvres. Leur, adjective. Leur, pronoun. LEUR, adjective, is united to substantives, and in the plural takes the s. LEUR, pronoun, precedes the verb, except in the imperative; it never takes the s. En usurpant vos avantages, elles abandonnent LES LEURS. En leur peignant les hommes, peignez-les leur tels qu'ils sont. ADJECTIVES (INDEFINITE). 1. Tout agrees with the substantive which it defines, and with the pronouns, nous, vous, eux, elles, le, la, les, ceci, cela, le nótre, &c. Tout l'univers, toute la terre, tous les jours, toutes les joies; tous les vótres, tous les miens; nous tous, eux tous; tous ceux-ci, &c. 2. Tout is invariable when it signifies entirely, except before a feminine adjective beginning with a consonant or h mute. Elle est TOUT entière à son ouvrage. Elle est TOUTE fanée. Elle est TOUT heureuse. Elle est TOUT honteuse. Elles sont rouges. TOUTES oreilles. Ils sont TOUT 3. Tout before autre remains invariable when it may be translated by entirely. 10 Vous méritez une TOUT autre destinée, You deserve a destiny (AUTRE de TOUT POINT) different in every respect from that in which you are. 20 Telle est ma méthode, et il préférer α TOUT faudrait la AUTRE, Such is my method, and you should prefer it (à TOUTE (MÉ Tout ce qui, tout ce que, are translated by all that, or every thing which. Tout ce qui plait n'est pas bon, all that pleases is not good. Tout ce que vous demandez, je vous le donne, everything that you ask, I give you. 12. Nul comes before the substantive, and agrees with it. Nul secours, nulle ressource. When follows the substantive: Un acte nul, NUL marks invalidity, nullity, it a deed which is null. 13. Aucun comes before the substantive, and sometimes emphatically after: Aucune crainte; sans crainte aucune, without any fear. 15. Certain, some, certain, comes before the substantive, and means quelque. Certain juge décida ce point, some judge decided the point. After the substantive it signifies indubitable, súr, certain. Une certaine madame C., a certain Mrs. C. Un fait certain, a cer tain fact. 16. Tout corresponds also to anything, everything, all things. Tout va bien, everything goes on 14. Maint, many, many a, smoothly. only used in familiar poetry and con5. Tout, referring to a sub-versation, agrees with the substanstantive already expressed, can be tive. Maint avocat; maintes fois. used with an ellipsis of that noun, but in agreeing with it in gender and number. Il en est des hommes comme des plus vils animaux, TOUS peuvent nuire, it is with men as with the vilest animals, all can be hurtful. 6. Tout, taken substantively. Le tout est plus grand que la partie. In that sense we say, des touts. 7. Tout, before several substantives or adjectives. No precise rule as to its repetition: analogy and synonymy must be consulted, but taste decides. Tout le ciel et la terre. Tous les rois et les peuples. Tous les soldats et Tous les officiers. 8. Tout, before the name of a town. TOUT Rome est désolé, (construe: tout le peuple de Rome est désolé). If the name is preceded by the article, the feminine should be used: TOUTE la superbe Rome. 9. Tous deux, and tous les deux; both are used indiscriminately by the best authors. 10. Plusieurs, several, precede the substantive. Tel, such, agrees with the substantive. In comparison it is followed by que. Une telle fille, une fille telle que celle-là. 17. Quel, what, agrees with the substantive. Quel homme ! quelle femme! QUEL followed by several substantives of different genders." united or not by et, is put in the plural masculine. QUELS sont les lieux, les temps, les images chéries, &c. 18. Quel que, followed by a verb, agrees with the substantive or pronoun which it modifies. Quel que soit votre plaisir, whatever may be your enjoyment. Quelle que amis. soit sa crainte; quels que soient ses 19. When followed by several nouns united by ET, it is put in the |