INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

1. ON or L'ON, one, somebody, people, man, men, we, you, they, &c.

2. QUICONQUE, whoever, whosoever, any person that, all those who. 3. PERSONNE.. NE, nobody, no one.

4. QUELQU'UN, some one, somebody.

5. CHACUN, every one, every man.

6. TEL, he who, many a (sing.), many (plur.).

7. TOUT, all, every, each, any.

8. NUL... NE, none, no person, no one, nobody.

9. AUCUN, none, not one.

10. AUTRES, others.

11. AUTRUI, other people.

12. PLUSIEURS, several, many.

13. L'UN L'AUTRE, one and the other, some-some, one another, one to the other, each other.

14. L'UN ET L'AUTRE, both.

15. L'UN OU L'AUTRE, either, or.

16. NI L'UN NI L'AUTRE NE, neither, nor.

...

17. On marks indefinitely one or several persons, but only joins with verbs in the third person singular.

This way of reversing the order of the French sentence, and turning the objective case into the subject in English, is in general use in books and in conversation; each sentence is truly idiomatic, and the learner must bear them in mind when he has to turn English into French, and vice versa.

In French the neuter verbs are never used in the passive form, nor those which govern a preposition.

18. The correlative pronouns of on, quiconque, chacun, nul, &c., are se and soi.

19. Personne is either subject or regimen, and comes before or after the verb accordingly. Ne, which follows it, ought to be put before the verb.

Personne ne se plaint de son esprit,

Je n'ai blessé personne,

No one complains of his understanding.

I wounded no one.

20. One, ones, in the sense of quelqu'un, is not translated in French. Such an accident is calculated to sober one, un tel accident est fait pour dégoûter (understand quelqu'un). What shall one do? Que faire? (que doit faire un homme ?).

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES.

1. TOUT, all, whole (plur. masc., tous; fem., toute, toutes).

2. CHAQUE, each.

3. NUL, no, not any, null, of no force, void.

4. AUCUN, any; (with NE), no, or none.

5. MAINT, many, many a.

6. CERTAIN, certain, some.

7. TEL, such, like.

8. QUEL, what.

9. QUEL QUE, whatever.

10. QUELQUE, some, any.

11. QUELCONQUE, whatever, any whatever, any.

12. PAS UN, not one, none, not any.

13. MEME, same.

14. AUTRE, other.

FORMATION OF THE ADVERBS IN MENT.

1. When the masculine adjective ends with a sounded vowel, ment is added to it :

juste,

justement,

ends in e mute, it receives the

traître makes traîtreusement,

just. just, precisely, justly. treacherous, treacherously.

3. When the adjective ends with a consonant, the adverb is formed from the feminine by adding ment to it: haut, haute, high; hautement, &c. Gentil, pretty, gentle, makes gentiment, prettily, gently. In the following, the e mute of the feminine is changed into é, and ment is added to them:

4. The adjectives in unt and ent change nt into mment: élégant, elegant, élégamment; prudent, prudent, prudemment.

There are three adverbs derived from obsolete adjectives: nuitamment (by night), notamment (especially), sciemment (knowingly).

POSITION OF ADVERBS.

Adverbs generally come after the verb; but bien, well, right, mal, badly, wrong, mieux, better, toujours, always, are placed before the infinitive after a simple tense, and in a compound tense between the auxiliary and the participle.

TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL ADVERBS.

SIMPLE ADVERBS.

d. placed before an adverb means that it requires de before the next noun. Adverbs of quantity and scarcity are in that category.

ADVERBS DERIVED FROM ADJECTIVES.

Distinctement, distinctly, Aisément, easily, Élégamment, elegantly,

&c.

&c.

&c.