The tubing employed in the ground is upwards of 6200 feet in length.

THE KITCHEN GARDENS OF CHATSWORTH are situated about midway between Baslow and the mansion, being half a mile from each. They cover an area of twelve acres. Near the entrance is the residence of the Duke's headgardener-Sir Joseph Paxton, M.P., the architect of the Crystal Palace-a villa partaking of a mixed character, between English and Italian. The visitor is conducted through the NEW HOLLAND HOUSE, filled with Banksias, Grevellias, Epacrises, and other leathery-leaved plants; and then enters the AMHERSTIA HOUSE; after which he visits the VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, which is right opposite. This latter building was purposely erected for the reception of the magnificent plant whose name it bears. The plant was introduced to this country from South America, where it is said to have a range of thirty-five degrees of longitude. It first flowered in Britain under the care of Sir Joseph Paxton in 1849. The first flower was presented to Her Majesty, in honour of whom the genus was named. Those who have been accustomed to see our beautiful white water-lily on lakes and ponds, will be surprised to find one of the same family with leaves from four to six and a half feet in diameter, and rose-blushed flowers fully twelve inches across. The entire length of the house is about 681 feet, by 483 in width. The foundation is native gritstone; on this stand the iron pillars which support the roof. The tank provided for the reception of the plant is circular, and thirty-four feet in diameter. The ORCHIDACEOUS HOUSE, PINE HOUSE, and VINERIES, will well repay a visit.

EDENSOR VILLAGE adjoins the park, about half a mile west from Chatsworth House. It has an old church standing on the side of a hill, surrounded by a grave-yard. In the chancel is a 66 very costly and splendid alabaster monument to the memory of the first Earl of Devonshire; on it are several life-sized figures sculptured in relief. A tabular monument is placed at the foot of the large one, on which are two recumbent figures; one is completely draped from head to foot; the other is a fleshless skeleton. There is something strikingly impressive in this representation of a man who appears to have just passed from time into eternity, with all the habiliments of life about him, and the bare-ribbed image of death which lies at his side, awfully intimating the transition that must soon be made. The sculptor has here

'bodied forth' a lesson of mortality which is extremely simple, yet full of pathos and instruction." Not far from this monument is a brass plate, with a very long Latin inscription to the memory of one John Beton, a servant of poor Mary Queen of Scots. He had been long in her service, and was one of the chief instruments in securing her escape from her prison in Lochleven. He died at Chatsworth in 1570, aged thirty-two. The inscription is too long to be copied at length. "Poor Mary! she needed friends, and tasted grief; and the death of one who had always served her with zeal and fidelity was a calamity she most severely felt, and a loss she could not easily repair." The village is truly a model. The beauty of the villa-cottages of which it is composed, the luxuriant display of evergreens and bright flowers in the gardens, and the general air of cleanliness which prevails, cannot fail to impress the mind favourably.

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The History of Chatsworth does not date further back than the Conquest, when William Peveril held it for the crown. In the Domesday book it is written Chetesuorde, and no doubt took its name from Chetel, one of its Saxon owners mentioned in that survey." After remaining in the hands of a family named Leche for several centuries, and passing into the hands of the Agards, the property was purchased, in the sixteenth century, by Sir William Cavendish, husband of the celebrated Countess of Shrewsbury. By Sir William a mansion was begun, which, after his death, was completed by his widow. In its early splendour it was the prison of the unhappy Mary of Scotland, who, out of the seventeen years she lived a captive in England, spent portions of the years 157073-77-78 and '81 at Chatsworth. The mansion in which Scotland's unhappy Queen resided has entirely disappeared; it was a quadrangular building, defended by towers. the river is preserved a relic of Mary, in the shape of an old building, dark and dingy with time, surrounded by a deep moat. It is said that a garden was formerly situated on the top of this pile, wherein the fading image of beauty and royalty spent not a few of the weary hours of her captive life. Her second letter to Pope Pius is dated from Chatsworth House, October 31, 1570, nearly seventeen years before the sanguinary mandate of Elizabeth had sent her to the block." Another prisoner at Chatsworth was Marshal Tallard, who was taken at Blenheim. So much, however, was his captivity soothed by the kindness of the Duke of Devonshire, that he is reported to have said, "When I return to France, and reckon up the days of my captivity in England, I shall leave out

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all those I spent at Chatsworth." The difference betwixt the two prisoners was great. The one was a fallen queen, persecuted by all the malignity of which a jealous woman is capable; the other was a general whose only fault was his usefulness to his master, and whose captivity was rendered necessary for a time for the peace of Europe. During the wars of the Parliament, Chatsworth was alternately held by the Parliamentarians and the Royalists. It 1643 it was garrisoned by Sir John Gell's soldiers. In the same year the Earl of Newcastle having taken Wingfield, soon became master of Chatsworth also, in which he placed a garrison, commanded by Colonel Eyre. It 1645 it was held for the king by Colonel Shalcross, and was then besieged by Major Mollanus, but the siege was raised by order of Sir John Gell. The fourth Earl and first Duke of Devonshire, whose portrait has been already mentioned, was the builder of the present mansion. "He was distinguished as a wit, a scholar, and a soldier." He was born in the year 1640. "In 1661 he represented the county of Derby in Parliament, and four years afterwards attended the Duke of York as a volunteer against the Dutch. He distinguished himself in the House of Commons against the Court, and was a witness in favour of Lord Russell; he offered also to exchange clothes with that nobleman to enable him to effect his escape, which Russell gallantly refused. In 1684 he succeeded to the title of Earl of Devonshire, and about the same time was fined £30,000, and imprisoned in the King's Bench, for assaulting Colonel Culpepper in the presence-chamber. He gave bond for the payment of the fine, which, however, he saved by the arrival of the Prince of Orange. In 1689 he was made a privy councillor. and at the coronation he served as Lord High Steward. In 1694 he was created Duke of Devonshire, and during the king's absence was one of the regency, after the death of the queen; he died in 1707." He wrote an ode on the death of Queen Mary. The alterations on the south front were commenced in 1687. William Talman was the principal architect, though it is certain that Sir Christopher Wren surveyed the works in 1692. Kennet gives the following account of the commencement of this important work :

"The Duke contracted with the workmen to pull down the south side of the good old seat, and rebuild it on a plan he gave to them, for a front to his gardens, so fair and august, that it looked like a model only of what might be done in after ages. When he had finished this part he meant to go no further, till, seeing public affairs in a happier settlement, for a

testimony of ease and joy, he undertook the east side of the quadrangle, and raised it entirely new, in conformity with the south, and seemed then content to say that he had gone halfway through, and would leave the rest for his heir. In this resolution he stopped about seven years, and then re-assumed courage, and began to lay the foundation for two other sides, to complete the noble square; and these last, so far as uniformity admits, do exceed the others, by a vast front of most excellent strength and elegance, and a capital on the north side that is of singular ornament and service; and though such a vast pile (of materials entirely new) required a prodigious expense, yet the building was his least charge, if regard be had to his gardens, water-works, statues, pictures, and other things, the finest pieces of art and of nature that could be produced at home or abroad."

Thomas Hobbes, the celebrated Latin poet, and usually known as Hobbes of Malmesbury, was the tutor and companion of Lord Cavendish, afterwards Earl of Devonshire, and travelled abroad with him in 1610. Having spent twenty years with him as tutor and secretary, the Earl died, and Hobbes went abroad with the Cliftons, but was recalled by the Countess of Devonshire, who was anxiously desirous of placing the young Earl, then only thirteen years of age, under his care. He travelled abroad with him, and on his return in 1637, took up his abode finally in the family, and wrote at Chatsworth his "Wonders of the Peak." During the civil wars he was obliged to retire to Paris, and on his return to England continued to reside with the Devonshire family, and passed most of his time at Chatsworth. Of his habits while there, we are told that "he was a very early riser, and as soon as he had quitted his bed, he walked or rather ran to the tops of some of the hills about Chatsworth, that he might enjoy a fresher and purer breeze than circulated through the valley. This practice he continued until he was compelled to relinquish it by the infirmities of age. After breakfast, he visited the Earl and Countess of Devonshire and their children, until about twelve o'clock, when he dined in a private apartment by himself; he then retired to his own room, where ten or twelve pipes filled with tobacco were ranged in a row on his table, ready to be used in succession; he then commenced his usual afternoon's employment of smoking, thinking, and writing, which he continued for several hours. When thus engaged, he was frequently visited by foreigners of distinction, who were attracted to Chatsworth chiefly by the celebrity that Hobbes had acquired among the learned and the

great. St. Evremond, in one of his letters to Waller, dated from Chatsworth, gives some interesting particulars of this extraordinary man, whom he found, as he expresses it, like Jupiter, involved in clouds of his own raising." Hobbes died

in 1679, at the age of 92.

The north wing has been added to the building since 1820. The present Duke of Devonshire, William Spencer Cavendish, was born in the French capital in 1790; by him numerous elegant additions have been made, assisted by the talent of Sir Joseph Paxton. His principal residences are, besides Chatsworth, Hardwick Hall, Bolton Priory, Lismore Castle, Devonshire House, and Chiswick, and his Grace has also a marine residence at Brighton.

In 1832, the Princess Victoria visited Chatsworth; and again, as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, in 1843, accompanied by H.R.H. Prince Albert.