occasioned by the fact that the gentleman from Connecticut has sprung the latest joke of the season on the gentleman from Missouri. In little matters of this kind the statesmen no doubt could endure some improvement without a very great sacrifice of contentment.

But Kate Field announces the remarkable proposition that in this reform in deportment the first, the very first injunction which should be hung upon the door should be," Don't sit on your spine!" It is, she says, the common fault of Americans in public places. Congress habitually sits on its four hundred and odd spines, our magistrates do it on the bench, our State legislators do it. "And why, pray?" she asks.

And why not? There is, with all deference to Kate Field, no more apparent reason why the Senators should not sit on their spines when they listen or are engaged in great thoughts than why the ancient Romans and Greeks, to get the spirit of whose civilization we go to college, should not, if they considered it pleasant, convenient, and safe, lie down when they ate. We know that while they reclined at their symposiums they sat upon benches, supposed to be free from upholstery, when in the Senate chamber, and we suppose that it would be almost irreverential to think that Marcus Tullius Cicero and the other statesmen sat on their spines when not engaged in oratory. But Rome and Washington are different localities, and forty odd B. C. is not exactly 1889 A. D. And if it is the fashion in these latter years for statesmen to sit on their spines, it is impossible to see how it is in any way incompatible with the best deportment.

But, further than this, it seems necessary to impress upon the mind of our esteemed contemporary that the greatness of a man is not to be determined by the way he sits down. As Mr. Walter Savage Landor expressed it in his Imaginary Conversations, “Great men have often greater faults than little men can find room for." If, as Kate Field asserts, the President of the United States, on the occasion of the delivery of Chief Justice Fuller's address, slid down in his chair so that he was supported by his shoulder blades and the small of his back, it does not show that he is not a great man. It might have been one of the greater faults of greatness, though we are inclined to believe that it was not a fault at all, but simply a proof that the President, while conscious that several eyes were upon him, nevertheless preferred to be as comfortable as possible. If he had been sitting for a picture to be used in the campaign of 1892, it would have been different. But he was listening to an oration of merit from a capable man of mark, whom he would not, for political reasons, have appointed to the cheapest District Attorneyship in Indiana.

But even if the circumstances had been different, why should the President have sacrified a moment, free from the cares of official life, to a desire to display a dignity by sitting bolt upright for two hours when it is an uncomfortable performance? Or, as Gratiano observed to Bassanio and Lorenzo:

Why should a man, whose blood is warm within,

Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster ?- Providence Journal.

SUFFRAGE, in fifteen States, has been, by their constitutions and laws, extended to unnaturalized persons. An examination of the laws respecting the franchise in all the States, shows that in Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Oregon, Texas and Wisconsin the mere declaration of intention to become a citizen is sufficient to confer the sacred right to vote. In the majority of these States no limitation is placed upon the time when the declaration shall be made, and the only condition required is as to residence in the State, disregarding altogether residence within the United States. This is not only a violation of the privilege of citizenship, but it is an outrage and an injustice upon those States which demand constitutional American citizenship in their election laws. In Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Maine, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia a man must have been a resident of the United States the full five years before he is eligible to the franchise. It is worth observing that all the thirteen original States of the Union demand the naturalization of foreigners before conferring citizenship upon them. These States adopted their constitutions when the intent of the United States Constitution was fresh in men's minds, and in their hearts, too.—America.

WHO WAS YOur Great-Grandfather?—The Detroit Journal desires to receive, by postal card, the address of all living male and female descendants of Revolutionary officers and soldiers of 1776, and, when possible, the name and State of the ancestor. Wonder if W. H. Brearley, proprietor of the Detroit Journal, is contemplating a raid upon the national treasury?

MR. THOMAS I. WHARTON, Esq., for many years, as a Counsellor, probably examined more abstracts of title and wrote opinions upon them, than any other member of the Philadelphia Bar. His method was thorough, his memory exact, and his judgment accurate and profound. He was always extremely courteous and encouraging to the educated members of the Conveyancing profession, but was a sort of terror to those who brought to him slip-shod or carelessly prepared abstracts of title, as he often required of them considerable additions to their briefs before he would write his opinions on them; of which they complained without good reasons.

On one occasion there was a dispute about a survey of a lot formerly belonging to the estate of Joseph Wharton the elder, and the client of Mr. Wharton had purchased the last lot in the square, the other lots having been "surveyed and regulated," and built upon. Upon the survey of the lot, the official surveyor found that the lot was sixteen feet short of the number of feet front called for by the deed of Mr. Wharton's client, and the surveyor met the client at Mr. Wharton's office,

and the surveyor, after explaining the deeds and surveys, insisted upon his survey being correct according to the established lines of the adjoining properties, and said that, he could not "conscientiously" alter the lines he wanted to establish. Mr. Wharton's client, who was a wealthy Quaker gentleman, suddenly turned to the surveyor, and calling him by his first name, said, "Thee must have a strange conscience that can stretch sixteen feet of my neighbor's lot over mine." But Mr. Wharton insisted upon it that the surveyor was right in his judgment, and that an appeal would not be sustained by the Court.

On another occasion, a client called on Mr. Wharton for his opinion on a claim of title, and after a long harangue about his case, began to lay down the law applicable to the case. Mr. Wharton listened to his egotistical remarks for some time, then grew restless and vexed, and finally said to his client, "Mr. Blank, are you the Counsel in this case, or am I?" The client said no more, but left his papers in Mr. Wharton's hands, and hastily retired. P. F. S.

THE ISSUE of human doings is uncertain, because it depends upon freedom of will.-X. Recog. Clem. 12.

POPULAR SONGS.—A recently published incident having cast some doubt upon the authorship of the famous song, "Marching through Georgia," it is just to state that no good ground for such doubt is apparent. The words and music of that song were unquestionably composed by the late Henry C. Work, son of Alanson Work, of anti-slavery fame. Mr. Work, who is the author of many popular songs, patriotic and sentimental, wrote "Marching through Georgia" in November or December, 1864, and it was copyrighted and published by Root & Cady, of Chicago, in March, 1865. The song is sometimes confounded with another very different one, entitled "Sherman's March to the Sea," which was written by Mr. S. H. M. Byers, adjutant Sixth Iowa Infantry, while in prison at Columbia, S. C. General Sherman was then on his famous march, and Mr. Byers learned of it in the prison through papers which were smuggled into the prison inside loaves of bread by a loyal negro. Mr. Byers got only $5 for it from a publisher, though probably a million copies of it have been sold.--Boston Eve. Trav.

TITLE BY FINDING NOT RECOGNIZED.-As the telegraph operator at ** signal tower, boarded the 5.50 express on Monday morning, he thought that as a general thing all hogs were kept in pens, but he found out differently as his experience will show. Having occasion to enter the private compartment, he noticed a large wallet lying in a dark corner. Upon examination, it was found to contain greenbacks amounting to five hundred dollars, and checks and securities for a like sum. Acting upon the "Golden Rule " he immediately tried to find an owner, passing through the car holding the wallet in his hand, and inquiring if any one had lost it. It was claimed by a "Gentleman," and upon

his describing the contents it was surrendered to him, whereupon he stuffed it in his trousers pocket without so much as thank you! Young Boland went on his way rejoicing, just as poor, but perhaps a wiser Who can tell?—National Democrat. young man.

THE OPERATION OF THE ENGLISH Merchandise MARKS ACT is described in a report issued by the Commissioners of Customs, which is thus summarized in the Pall Mall Gazette: "It appears that during the year ended March 31, 1889, the number of stoppages of goods for bearing marks contrary to the act amounted to 7,876, and the number of packages affected by these detentions to 217,458. The articles detained have been of the most varied descriptions, and embrace nearly all classes of goods. The detentions from Germany have been most numerous, numbering 2,898, France coming next with 502, Holland with 488, and Belgium with 475. Sweden, Spain, Mexico, China, India, Australia and Canada also furnished their quota of improperly marked goods, and from the United States there were 378 detentions, involving 20,595 packages. Of the total detentions well on to a half were made at the port of London, and it is noteworthy that a considerable number have taken place in the parcels post. The commissioners say:

'As the result of our experience we are of opinion that in many trades a considerable improvement has taken place in the marking of goods imported into this country. For instance, the branding of the word 'Havana' on continental cigars is now seldom seen, and spirits and wines from Germany are no longer imported to any extent with French brands, and generally in all departments of trade the tendency is to mark the goods in a more truthful manner.

'On the other hand we notice that large quantities of goods are imported without any marks at all, and it is probable that labels bearing false trade descriptions are placed on many goods after they have passed from the hands of our officers.

'Indeed, quantities of labels and tickets imported separately have been detained as evidently intended to be placed on goods for sale in this country. It has been a question how far such labels are liable to seizure as being trade descriptions not yet applied to the goods, but as we are advised that the use of the English language upon them may be considered as a false indication of the origin of the labels themselves, and so render them liable to seizure as 'goods,' we have in certain cases ordered their detention until the importer satisfied us that they were to be truthfully applied to goods of the description indicated thereon.'

The question of deciding the place of origin of partially manufactured articles is often a difficult one. For instance, pipes manufactured here are sent to Vienna to have amber mouthpieces fitted; razors are sent to Germany to be hollow-ground; plates for books, cards and other light art work are sent abroad to be colored. Do such goods lose their British character, and are they no longer entitled to bear marks of English origin? Again, there is a difficulty with respect to goods from

English-speaking countries. Large quantities of goods are imported from America (often in transit) bearing English wording, such as steel goods marked "Warranted best cutlery," etc., and there is nothing to distinguish them on the home or foreign market from English-made goods. This appears, the commissioners say, to give goods made out of the United Kingdom, and in most cases not even in an English dependency, an advantage over other foreign-made goods which may not have been intended by those who framed the act."-Bradstreets.

Causes of the Growth of Cities. Of the rapid increase in the number of cities in this country, and of the rapid and immense increase of city populations all the world over, we have recently spoken. We now propose to consider the causes of these phenomena.

The first and most obvious cause is that men are less needed in country places than they ever were before. Agricultural machinery has been brought to such perfection that a government agent not long ago reported it to be "a fact, estimated by careful men who are thoroughly conversant with the changes that have taken place, that by the improvement in agricultural tools, the average farmer can, with sufficient horsepower, do with three men the work of fourteen men forty years ago, and do it better." In other words, to produce the food of the whole country and all the agricultural products that can be profitably exported requires now a country population only three-fourteenths as large as would have been required with the tools in use forty years ago. It follows that the other eleven-fourteenths, which cannot be employed in the country, must, nolentes volentes, betake themselves to cities.

Coincidently with the decreased demand for agricultural labor is an immensely enhanced demand for labor in cities. Machinery, which has ousted the agricultural laborer from the country calls him to the city. The division of labor has been carried to such an extent that innumerable simple articles which were formerly produced by the hands of a single workman are now, with the aid of machinery, passed through the hands of a dozen or more individuals who do separate parts of the work, and who are thus of necessity compelled to live in the same neighborhood. Such simple articles, for example, as pins and friction matches, are manufactured on so large a scale, by means of machinery, as to employ hundreds and even thousands of hands in a single factory. The facilities of transportation offered in cities attract the factories, and thus the population of cities is constantly increased. At the same time the introduction of the railway system employing many hundreds of thousands of men (most of whom are compelled to live in cities), has built up an inland commerce unknown in any former age, and has thereby indirectly been the cause of adding to the city populations literally millions of men, women and children who are engaged in the distribution of products through some form of trade. Thus the introduction of improved machinery of all kinds has the double effect of driving labor from the country and of drawing it to the cities; and