the like nature in foreign countries. Of these things some idea may be formed by the following cut, where I represeats Oncidium raniferum, or the Frog Oncidium, so called because its lip bears at its base the figure of a frog couchant; 2, Peristeria elata, the Spirito Santo or Holy Ghost plant of Panama, in whose flower we find the likeness of a dove in the act of descending upon the lip; 3, Prescottia colorans, whose lip is a fleshy hood; 4, Gongora fulva; 5, Cirrhea tristis; 6, Cycnoches ventricosum, singularly like a swan, the arched column forming the head and neck; 7, Oncidium pulvinatum; 8, Bolbophyllum barbigerum; 9, Catasetum viride; and 10, Peristeria cerina. In consequence of their singular forms, their gay colours, and the delicious fragrance of many of these plants, they have of late years been cultivated with great zeal, both in this country and abroad, as has been stated in a former article [EPIPHYTES], to which we refer for information concerning their natural habits. In this place we proceed to give such a technical account of the structure of the order as will enable the reader to understand the principles of their classification, and to reconcile their structure, irregular as it is, with regular types observable in other parts of the vegetable kingdom. Orchidaceous plants inhabit all parts of the world, except those which are excessively dry or excessively cold, both of which appear uncongenial to their nature, and they are most abundant in such as have an equable mild climate, moist and warm during the greater part of the year. Thus we have not a single species from Melville Island, or Nova Zembla, or from the upper regions of northern mountains, nor from the deserts of Africa; and the whole province of Mendoza, one of the dry western states of South America, produces but one, and that in a marsh. On the contrary, the woods of Brazil and equatorial America, of the lower ranges of the Himalayas, and of the Indian Archipelago, possess countless myriads of these productions. In general in hot countries the species are epiphytes, inhabiting the branches of trees, or the sides of rocks and stones, to which they cling by means of long twisting fleshy roots; and terrestrial species, that is to say, such as grow exclusively in the ground, are rare and unknown: in colder countries, on the contrary, the former are unknown and the latter only represent the order. Thus in North America, where Orchidaceous plants are plentiful, the epiphytal species are almost unknown, a single species only occurring in Florida upon the branches of the Magnolia. Some of them are true parasites, deriving their food from the roots of trees upon which they grow. In this country we have two cases of the kind, one the Neottia Nidus avis, or bird's-nest Orchis, a brownish scaly plant springing up occasionally in woods, and the other the Corallorhiza innata, or coral root, an occasional but very uncommon inhabitant of marshes. The roots are of the following kinds :-Firstly, annual slender fibres, simple or branched, of a succulent nature, incapable of extension, and burrowing under ground, as in the genus Orchis. Secondly, annual fleshy tubercles, round or oblong, simple or divided, as in the various species of the same genus; they are always combined with the first, and appear, from their containing amylaceous granules in large quantity, to be intended as receptacles of matter fit for the nutrition of the plant. Tubercles of this kind have always a bud at their extremity, and may be considered the principal inferior prolongation of the axis. Thirdly, fleshy, simple, or branched perennial bodies, much entangled, tortuous, and irregular in form, as in Corallorhiza, Neottia, &c., or nearly simple and resembling tubers, as in Gastrodia. And fourthly, perennial round shoots, simple or a little branched, capable of extension, protruded from the stem into the air, adapted to adhering to other bodies, and formed of a woody and vascular axis covered with cellular tissue, of which the subcutaneous layer is often green and composed of large reticulated cells. The points of these roots are usually green, but sometimes red or yellow. In a very few instances of leafless species, as Chiloschista usneoides, they become entirely green, and then appear to perform the functions of leaves. The stem is found in its most simple state in the terrestrial Ophrydeæ, where it is only a growing point, surrounded by scales and constituting a leaf-bud when at rest, which eventually grows into a secondary stem or branch, on which the leaves and flowers are developed. This kind of stem usually forms every year a lateral bud with a tubercular root at its lower end, and, having unfolded its flowers and ripened its fruit, perishes, to be succeeded by the stem belonging to the lateral bud previously prepared; hence those species to which this kind of stem belongs have always a pair of tubercles, one shrivelling and in progress of exhaustion, the other swelling and in progress of completion. It is sometimes found that the successive formation and destruction of annual tubercles takes place beneath an equal number of skins, the new bud and tubercular root being always formed within the axil of a scale-like coating belonging to the parent; this takes place in the genus Thelymitra and elsewhere. Sometimes such a stem, instead of forming a new bud upon its side, pushes out a slender subterranean root-like runner, which, after growing to some length, is arrested in its growth, and then forms at its extremity a new bud, which lengthens at its base into a tubercle. In such instances as this, a kind of locomotion may be correctly said to take place, the plant shifting its place yearly, and to such a distance as may be determined by the length of the runner, which separates the parent plant that perishes from the young offspring that is generated. Instances of this are common in terrestrial genera. A modification of it is when the tubercles are buried deep under ground, and always emit a root-like stem upwards, which produces true roots until it reaches the light, and then only develops leaves. This occurs in Corysanthes and elsewhere. In other cases the growing point becomes perennial, thickens, is scarred with the remains of leaves which once grew upon it, and assumes the state of a short, round, or ovate perennial stem or pseudo-bulb. In such a case it commonly emits from its base a shoot, which creeps along the ground, or over the surface of a branch, if the species is an epiphyte, and becomes a woody rhizoma, covered with scales which represent undeveloped leaves; after having advanced to a length which varies in different species, the rhizoma ceases to grow, and forms a new pseudo-bulb at its end. The latter subsequently protrudes a new horizontal rhizoma, which again terminates in a pseudo-bulb, and thus by degrees large masses of pseudo-bulbs are formed by a single individual, and literally pave the place upon which they grow. Such pseudo-bulbs are entirely analogous to the scaly bud found upon the end of the tubercular root of an Ophrydea; and the rhizoma in like manner is of the same nature as the runner that connects the old tubercle with the new one in such a plant; but pseudo-bulbs, in consequence of their perennial nature, are more completely formed, often have a woody texture, generally a hard epidermis, assume various angular or other figures, and develop a definite number of leaves from their points. This is the common mode of growth of the genera Maxillaria, Stanhopea, and many others. Pseudo-bulbs of this kind are always composed of cellular tissue, containing a great quantity of mucilage (and amylaceous granules) traversed by simple fibro-vascular cords, and hollowed into an infinite number of minute chambers. In other cases the rhizoma, instead of having pseudo-bulbs, forms short stems which are terminated by one or more leaves, as in Pleurothallis and its allies, and in the genus Cattleya and others; these differ from the pseudo-bulbous species only in the thickness and form of their axis. The formation of tubercles and terminal buds, or of creeping rhizomata and pseudo-bulbs, is the most common tendency of the order, but not the only one; in Eulophia, Bletia, and others, the rhizoma assumes simply the form of an ordinary tuber; and in Vanilla, Dendrobium, Vanda, and others of a similar nature, there is no rhizoma, but the stem lengthens as in common plants, from which there is nothing to distinguish it; some of the species of Dendrobium are remarkable for having the pseudo-bulbous form at one end of their stem, and the common state at the other, as D. crumenatum, &c. When such plants as Dendrobium Pierardi grow very fast, in an atmosphere which suits them, their stems will frequently branch, when the new branches throw out roots in abundance from their base; in such cases the original branches are equivalent to the rhizoma of the pseudo-bulbous species, and the secondary branches to the pseudo-bulbs themselves. The leaves are very uncertain in their appearance: usually they are sheathing at the base, and membranous; but in Vanillea they are hard, stalked, articulated with the stem, and have no trace of a sheath. Frequently they are leathery and veinless, as frequently they are membranous and strongly ribbed, and both these conditions occur in the same genus, as in Maxillaria and Cypripedium. In a large number of the epiphytal species the leaves are notched un equally at the apex, a singular structure which has not yet been noticed in those with membranous leaves. | is anxious for information as to this and several other points of a similar kind, is referred to the prefatory remarks by the writer of this article in Bauer's Illustrations of Orei daceous Plants,' 4to., London, 1830, 1838, with forty plates in 4to. In the greater part of the order a single anther terminal the column. This is usually two-celled, but often has s cells divided into two or four other cavities, by the extens of the endothecium between the lobes of the pollen masses, or is occasionally more or less completely one-celled by the absorption of the connective. In Ophrydew it is ent with a distinct connective, and with the bases of the ce either parallel or diverging, and then its cells dehisce along their face. In Neotties it is also erect, but appears to dorsal instead of terminal, in consequence of the stigis being placed before it for its whole length. In the rema der of the order it falls prone upon the head of the colum or the clinandrium, like a lid, and often is easily detached: sometimes this kind of anther originates from the margi of the clinandrium; sometimes from within the margin, a which case it is occasionally covered as by a hood, as Cryptarrhena and other genera. Their floral envelopes are constructed irregularly upon a ternary type, and consist of three exterior and three interior pieces. The exterior pieces are usually nearly equal, and less brightly coloured than the interior; but the two lateral ones are often of a somewhat different form from the other, which is anterior as the flower is placed upon the inflorescence when young, but which often becomes posterior when the flower is expanded, in consequence of the flower-stalk being twisted or curved: these parts are occasionally united by their edges into a long tube, as in Masdevallia, or the lateral ones adhere to the unguis of the lip in various degrees, or two of them are consolidated into one, as in Corycium and many other genera. Occasionally the intermediate piece is prolonged at the back or base into one or two hollow spurs, as in the genera Satyrium and Disa; still more rarely the lateral pieces are also spurred, as in Disperis. Various other less important modifications of the exterior pieces occur, but in all cases the whole number, three, is present. The interior pieces are usually three, never more; but in the instances of Monomeria and Aviceps, the intermediate one only is present. They are generally unequal, The pollen consists of lenticular or spheroidal grains, either the two lateral pieces corresponding in form and size, while single or cohering in pairs, threes, or fours, or in large that between them, called the lip, is of some other form and masses in indefinite number. The grains are usually he size: in the genus Thelymitra however, and in Paxtonia, together by an elastic filamentous substance, which in a they are all alike. Nothing can be more variable than the Ophrydea and many others forms an axis round which the proportions they bear to each other and to the exterior grains or masses of grains are arranged, and which in a very pieces. It is only a few of their modifications which it large part of the order assumes the appearance of a strap or seems important to notice. The lateral pieces are occa- caudicula. This body either contracts an adhesion with a sionally bifid, as in certain species of Habenaria: in Mega- gland originating on the margin of the stigma, as in Opbclinium falcatum they are glandular at the apex: in most rydeæ, Neottieæ, and Vandeæ, or it is folded upon the pu cases they are distinct from the column; but in Lepanthes, len masses, as in Epidendreæ, or it terminates in an amorGongora, Disa, and some others, they are adnate to that phous dilatation, as in many Malaxideæ. In all cases it organ: in no instance are they spurred or saccate. The lip consists of cellular tissue, sometimes very lax and large, and is either distinct from the column or united to it, stalked at thin-sided, as in Polystachya ramulosa, more generally very its base, or dilated there, and often extended into a bag or compact, tough, and thick-sided; towards the end which adspur, which is sometimes, as in certain species of the genus heres to the stigmatic gland the tissue becomes elongatel Epidendrum, consolidated with the ovary: very rarely it has but otherwise it is more or less lenticular. In Ophryde two spurs, as in Diplocentrum. In the instances of Cama- the caudicula is extended towards the base of the anther rotis and Acropera it is saccate at the point. Its form is cells; but in all the other divisions of the order the cand infinitely varied, the extremes of variation being Paxtonia cula, when present, is lengthened in the direction of the for simplicity, and Coryanthes or Stanhopea for complexity: apex of the cells. these and all other complicated forms may, without difficulty, be reduced to a three-lobed type, the simple form of which is found in Maxillaria, Bletia, and many Cattleyas. The lip is often so slightly articulated with the column as to swing to and fro upon the least disturbance, on which account it sometimes seems as if it were endowed with a power of spontaneous motion: this is particularly apparent in certain species of Pterostylis. There is a frequent tendency in the lip to produce tubercles or lamellæ upon its surface; the latter are always confined to the veins, the former are principally found near the base of the lip, and do not appear to have any relation to the veins: it is in the genus Oncidium, Eria, and Zygopetalum that these bodies, the use of which is unknown, are most conspicuous. Not unfrequently the lip is hairy, convex, and so marked and coloured as to bear no little resemblance to an insect. It is usual to call the exterior series of floral envelopes calyx, and the interior corolla; but the analogy of Marantaceæ renders it probable that the so-called petals are a row of outer sterile stamens. This however is a point upon which it is not here necessary to enlarge. The differences in the structure of the column, anther, and pollen now explained, furnish botanists with the bes: means of classifying the order and of breaking it up into sus orders, in the following manner : 1 00 00 1. Malaride (fig. 1), anther opercular; pollen waxy, with neither canda nor gland. folded back upon the pollen grains, and no gland. 4. Ophrydea (fig. 4), anther erect; pollen sectile or granular. 7. Cypripediea, anthers two, separated by a broad sterile lobe. The centre of the flower is occupied by a boay called the column, which is formed by the consolidation of the style and true stamens. In the greater part of the order there is but one stamen present, and it is in that case placed opposite the intermediate sepal, and consequently alternate with the lateral petals; when, as in Cypripedium, there are two stamens present, then the usual stamen remains in its customary position, in a sterile state; and the two perfect stamens are additional, and placed right and left of it. It is supposed that in those species which have but one anther there are two other stamens present in an incomplete con- The ovary adheres firmly to the tube of the calyx, and dition, and consolidated with the other; and from the evi- often so twisted, when the flower is about to expand, that dence offered by monstrous formations, it is thought that back, with the floral envelopes belonging to it, is turned ta such sterile stamens are represented in Orchis and its allies the front. It consists of three perfect carpels, stationed by two tubercles, one on each side of the column; in Bur- ternately with the stamens opposite the petals, and bearing lingtonia by two auricles near the apex of the column, and the placenta in their axis, and of three other pieces alt by other signs in other cases. Some objections have how-nate with the first, destitute of placentæ, and event ver been taken to this, but they do not appear of sufficient separating from them when the fruit is ripe. oment to require particular discussion. The reader who The stigma is a viscid excavation in front of the anthe and just below it. In most cases it is quite simple, merely terminating in a glandular dilatation of the upper margin, called the rostellum. It is lined with a lax tissue composed of minute ascending jointed hairs, and has a direct communication with the cavity of the ovary, either open or only imperfectly closed up. The glandular dilatation in all Vandee and Ophrydeæ, and in many genera, separates from the stigma and adheres to the pollen masses, but it is also in numerous other genera at all times inseparable from it. In Bonatea, in Habenaria, and in some other genera of Ophrydes, there are two arms to the upper edge of the stigma, each arm being channelled for the reception of the caudicula of a pollen-mass, and terminating in a separable gland; between these lies a membrane, very variable in size, sometimes merely a connecting web, sometimes a distinct plicature or lobe, and occasionally fornicate an extended in the middle into a mucro. The fruit is usually a capsule of six valves, bursting when ripe, and discharging a multitude of minute seeds, with a netted loose tonic. In Vanilla however and some other genera the fruit is succulent, and the seeds have a hard brittle integument immersed in aromatic pulp. The seeds apparently contain an exalbuminous embryo; but from the great minuteness of the parts this point is not yet satisfactorily determined. Impregnation in Orchidaceae was at one time thought to take place in a peculiar manner, by intersusception of the fertilising principle of the pollen grains. It has now however been proved experimentally by Brown, A. Brongniart, Morren, and the writer of this article, that it in reality takes place only by the application of pollen grains to the mucous surface of the stigma, as in other plants. Those who are desirous of further acquaintance with this singular order should consult Bauer's Illustrations, above quoted; R. Brown's Prodromus Flore N. Hollandiae, 8vo., 1810; the same author's Observations upon the Impregnation of Orchidea and Asclepiadea, 8vo., London, 1831; Lindey's Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants, 8vo., Lonlon 1830-40, still in course of publication; and Endlicher's Genera Plantarum, p. 185, 4to., Vienna, 1836-40, still pubishing. ORCHIL, or ORCHELLA, also written Archil, is the name of a dye as well as of the plant (one of the humble cribe of Lichens, or Rock-Moss) which yields it. The name is derived from the Oricello of the Italians or the Spanish Orchella. It is often corrupted in commerce into Rochilla veed. Several kinds are employed for the same purpose, which are distinguished according to the country from whence they are imported, and also by manufacturers into reed and moss, the former name being applied to the filiorm lichens of botanists belonging to the genus Roccella, o be treated of here, while the terms moss and rockoss are applied to the crustaceous lichens belonging to the enus Lecanora, which include the Cudbear and Parelle of yers. [PARELLA.] Tournefort is of opinion that this dye as known to the antients, and that it was the Axny of scorides; this of course it is difficult to prove, but it is markable that the Arabian authors give abryon (an ovo?) as the Greek synonym of a lichen which is in India ed as a dye. Tournefort further thought that this was he substance used in dyeing the purple of Amorgos, one the Cyclades, and says that when he was in the island, the chen was still collected, and sold for ten crowns the hunredweight, to be sent to England. The mode of preparing the dye was however lost, until discovered by a Florentine, who realised a large fortune, nd kept the process secret. The manufacture was retained ra century in Italy, and the weed was collected on the ores of the Mediterranean and those of its islands. It was Owever called tincture of turnsole. The Dutch afterwards arried on the manufacture, and called it lacmus or litmus; at it has for some time been extensively carried on in ngland and Scotland, as is evident from 1813 cwts. having een imported in 1829, though the quantities of good kinds ave since diminished, from the difficulty of procuring em, as the price has continued to rise, and many parts of e world have been searched for species fit for the use of e dyer. That imported from the Canaries sells for 2507. 3507. a ton; Cape de Verde weed, as high as 3007.; the zores or Western Island weed, 2301.; Madeira, 1507.; frica, 1207.; South America, 1201.; Cape of Good Hope, 207.; hile some has recently been brought from the East Indies, here both kinds are found, and one of them very abundantly. This great difference of price is owing to different kinds being collected; some kinds, as the Canary weed, Roccella tinctoria, abound in colour; while others, as the R. fuciformis, contain it in much smaller proportion. These species resemble each other a good deal, and therefore the difficulty is great of collecting the good kind. Sir W. J. Hooker has given as the character of the genus Roccella,Thallus coriaceo-cartilaginous, rounded or plane, branched or lacineated; apothecia orbicular, adnate with the thallus; the disk coloured, plano-convex, with a border at length thickened and elevated, formed of the thallus, and covering a sublentiform, black, compact, pulverulent powder, concealed within the substance of the thallus. R. tinctoria (Dyers' Roccella, or Orchil): thallus suffruticose, rounded, branched, somewhat erect, greyish-brown, bearing powdery warts; apothecia flat and horny, with a scarcely prominent border. A practical writer describes the good kind as having a nearly white powder on its surface towards the centre; the under surface is of a grey colour, and is not hairy; if wetted, it does not turn of an orange colour; its edges are flat and thin.' R. fuciformis (flat-leaved Orchil): thallus flat, branched, nearly upright, greyish-white, bearing powdery warts; apothecia horny, bordered. Both kinds are found on maritime rocks, as well on the coast of England as those of the places already indicated, or on dry stone walls, exposed to the influence of the seabreeze; the more arid the situation, the better is the quality of the lichens. The presence of the colouring matter is ascertained by steeping the weed broken up in small pieces in diluted solution of ammonia, in a bottle half filled with liquid, which should be kept corked, but frequently opened in a temperature not exceeding 150° Fahr. Orchil forms a rich purple dye, which, though fugitive, is considered indispensable by the dyers, because it greatly improves the brilliancy of some of the colours, and gives the pecular lustre and purple tint to some of the English broad-cloths in consequence of their being first dyed with orchil. [ARCHIL.] (Proceed. Com. Asiatic Soc.,' April, 1837; also Thomson's Chemistry of Organic Bodies-Vegetables,' where a full account is given of several chemical analyses of dye-yielding lichens, p. 399.) The worship most prevalent in Orchomenus was 1.4 the three Graces (xapirhoia): there was also a ter Dionysus in the city, and shrines of the beroes Acta Minyas, with which games (Mvieta) were connected to Pind., Isth., i. 11), and a tomb of Hesiod, at which of ings were made. In the Orchomenian town of T. there was a temple and oracle of Apollo. (Steph B Téyvpa.) (Müller's Orchomenos und die Minyer; Wachsrud Hellenische Alterthumskunde; Clinton's Fasti Hell Thirwall's History of Greece.) ORCHO'MENUS, Arcadia. [ARCADIA.] ORCHO'MENUS, called the 'Minyean,' and afterwards | is mentioned by Dicæarchus about twenty years afer 'the Boeotian,' was a city on the western shore of the Lake death of Alexander. Copais, in Boeotia. In the earliest period of Grecian history it was known as a place of great power and wealth. (Homer, Iliad, ix. 381.) Its antient magnificence is attested by the treasury of Minyas in it, which is described by Pausanias as being equal to any similar building which he had seen, and by the subterranean outlets of the Lake Copais, the remains of which exist to this day. [BOTIA. vol. v., p. 43.] In the earliest times Orchomenus was the chief city of the Minyans, to whom the greater part of Boeotia, including Thebes itself, was subject. The history of this people is very obscure. Andreus, the first king of Orchomenus, is called the son of the river Peneus in Thessaly. In Thessaly moreover we find Minyans, with a city Orchomenus. Minyas is also made a descendant of olus. Mr. Thirlwall says that the early legends about the Minyans may be considered as indications of a native race, apparently Pelasgians, overpowered by Eolian invaders; and the same fact seems still more clearly attested by the names of the two Orchomenian tribes, the Eteoclean and the Cephisian; the former of which, called after Eteocles, the son of Andreus, seems to have comprised the warlike chiefs; the latter, the industrious people which tilled the plains watered by the Cephisus.' (History of Greece, vol. i., p. 93.) From the heroes of the Argonautic expedition being called Minyans, and from other circumstances, it has been thought that the name was not originally that of a nation, but was used as a title of honour equivalent to heroes or warriors, and was afterwards appropriated to the Eolians who established themselves at Iolcus and on the adjacent coast. (Ibid., p. 91.) In the sixtieth year after the Trojan_war, the Eolian Baotians, who had been expelled from Thessaly, drove out the Minyans from Orchomenus, which was then with its territory added to Boeotia. (Thucyd., i. 12; Strabo, ix., p. 401.) At and shortly before the time of the Peloponnesian war, we find Orchomenus as one of the most powerful states of the Baotian confederacy, and having under it the towns of Charonca and Tegyra. Its government was oligarchical: the ruling order was called knights.' (Diod. Sic., xv. 79) When Thebes was feeble, and Boeotia was subject to Athens (about B.C. 417), Orchomenus was a refuge for the oligarchical exiles of the neighbourhood. (Thucyd., i. 113.) After the peace of Antalcidas (B.C. 387), by which the Baotian cities were freed from the supremacy of Thebes, Orchomenus was confederate with Sparta, and had in it a Lacedæmonian garrison. (Plutarch, Pelop., 16.) In the year 368 B.C., the Thebans, taking advantage of the absence of Epaminondas on an expedition, destroyed Orchomenus, slaying the men, and selling the women and children into slavery. It was rebuilt after the destruction of Thebes, and ORCIN, a peculiar matter obtained by Robiquet frat species of lichen (variolaria orcina). He found that the colour of this substance is derived from the presence in body which is white until it is acted upon by the and alkalis, when it becomes reddish violet. The process preparing orcin consists in making an alcoholic solut. the lichen, and then treating it with water, which separate fatty colouring matter, and dissolves a bitter and sacche substance; this, after several solutions and evaporati, 4, is obtained in white crystals. These crystals are org which become, as already stated, of a reddish violet cor by the action of the air and alkalis. ORDEAL, from the Anglo-Saxon ordeel. Sel. derives this word from or, magnum,' and dæl, 'judie.. which is also the derivation given by Ducange. Ly Bosworth derive it from or, privative, without, and difference, an indifferent or impartial judgment, a j ment without distinction of persons. The German v urtheil, a judgment, is apparently the same word, a also a compound. (See Selden, Notes to Eadmer, a Hickes's Diss. Epist., p. 149.) The earliest traces of any custom resembling the is found in the book of Numbers (ch. v.), in the waters jealousy, which the Hebrew women suspected of ad were compelled to drink as a test of their innocence. Blackstone (Comm. on the Laws of England, vol. iv, i. Of Trial and Conviction') says:-The several meth trial and conviction of offenders established by the la England were formerly more numerous than at pr.through the superstition of our Saxon ancestors, wh other northern nations, were extremely addicted to divin a character which Tacitus observes of the antient Gert (De Mor. Germ., x.). They therefore invented a consider number of methods of purgation, or trial, to preserve cence from the danger of false witnesses; and in conser of a notion that God would always interpose miracu to vindicate the guiltless. The most antient species of was that by Ordeal; which was peculiarly distinguishe the appellation of Judicium Dei, and sometimes ru purgatio, to distinguish it from the canonical purga which was by the oath of the party. This was of two ** either fire-ordeal or water-ordeal, the former being e to persons of higher rank, the latter to the common pe Both these might be performed by deputy; but the prɛɛ ** was to answer for the success of the trial, the depur venturing some corporal pain for hire, or perhaps for i ship. Fire-ordeal was performed either by taking up i hand, unhurt, a piece of red-hot iron, of one, two, or pounds weight; or else by walking, barefoot and blin. over nine red-hot ploughshares, laid lengthwise at use distances; and if the party escaped being hurt, be adjudged innocent; but if it happened otherwise, as w collusion it usually did, he was then condemned as.. However, by this latter method Queen Emma, the ta of Edward the Confessor, is mentioned to have clear character when suspected of familiarity with Alwyn & of Winchester. (Rudborne, Hist. maj. Winton, L. 4, 12 Water-ordeal was performed either by plunging the arm up to the elbow in boiling water, and escaping L thereby; or by casting the person suspected into a mu pond of cold water, and if he floated therem without action of swimming, it was deemed an evidence of he but if he sunk, he was acquitted.' Another sp ordeal was the corsned, or morsel of execration th a piece of cheese or bread, about an ounce in weight, v was consecrated with a peculiar form, in which the Aita 4 was called upon, and it was prayed that the bread . cause convulsions and paleness, and find no passage, ↑ man was really guilty, but might turn to heats nourishment, if he was innocent. The corsned was then given to the suspected person, who received the holy sacrament at the same time: if indeed, as some have suspected, the corsned was not the sacramental bread itself. It is said that Godwin, earl of Kent, in the reign of king Edward the Confessor, on taking his oath that he had not caused the death of the king's brother, appealed to his corsned, per buccellam deglutiendam abjuravit' (Ingulphus), which stuck in his throat and killed him. The Ordeals of water and iron are first mentioned in the 77th law of Ina. (Wilkins, Leg. Anglo-Sax., p. 27.) See also the laws of Athelstan, Edward the Confessor, and the Conqueror. (Ibid., pp. 60, 198, 229.) In the Domesday Survey' the readiness of claimants to prove their title to land, by ordeal or by battle, occurs in a great variety of instances; as among the lands belonging to the monastery of Ely, at a place then called Photestorp, in Norfolk: Hanc terram calumpuiatur esse liberam Vlchetel homo Hermeri quocunque modo judicetur, vel bello vel Juditio.' (Domesd., tom. ii., fol. 213. See other instances, Ibid., fol. 110 b. 137, 162, 166, 172 b, 193, 208, 277 b, 332.) Ferri candentis Judicium' (the ordeal of hot iron) is the only ordeal of the 'Domesday Survey.' The reason for this is given by Glanville (Tract. de Leg. et Consuet. Regni Angliæ, 1. xiv., ch. 1): in such a case the accused is bound to clear himself by the judgment of God, namely, by hot iron, or by water, according to the difference of rank, that is, by hot iron if The should be a free man, and by water if he should be a villain (si fuerit rusticus).' Eadmer (Hist. Novor., p. 48) speaks of no fewer than fifty persons of Saxon origin who, in the reign of William Rufus, being accused of killing the king's stags, were at one time sentenced to the fire-ordeal. It is probable that the Trial by Ordeal was not discontinued in England by any positive law or ordinance, although Sir E. Coke (9 Rep., 32), and after him Blackstone (4 Comm., 345), have expressed an opinion that it was finally abolished by an act of parliament, or rather an order of the king in council, in the 3 Henry III. (1219). This order is to be found in Rymer's Fœdera,' vol. i., p. 228; Spelman's 'Glossary,' sub voce Judicium Dei; and in Selden's 'Notes to Eadmer. Spelman however thinks that this was merely a temporary law, without any general or permanent operation, and that the Trial by Ordeal continued to a later period. This opinion seems confirmed by a reference in the Cal. Rot. Pat.,' p. 15, to another order in council in the 14 Henry III., De justitiâ faciendâ loco ignis et aquæ.' As however it is only mentioned as a former custom, and not as an existing institution, by Bracton (lib. iii., cap. 16), who wrote at the end of the reign of Henry III. or the commencement of that of Edward I., it is probable that, in consequence of the judgments of councils and the interference of the clergy, the Trial by Ordeal fell into disuse about the middle of the thirteenth century (Selden's Notes to Eadmer); but this was long after it had disappeared from the judicial systems of most other European nations. named Dharma, or the genius of justice, made of silver, and another of an antagonist genius Adharma, made of clay or iron, or those figures painted respectively on white and black cloth, are thrown into a large jar, from which the accused is instructed to draw at hazard. The Latin forms of service for the different species of ordeal, as antiently used in England, are given by Spelman in his Glossary,' in v. from the Textus Roffensis. The reader may consult for further information Grimm's Deutsche Rechts-Alterthümer, Gottesurtheil. ORDER is distinguished from degree in mathematical Both are language by a purely conventional boundary. terms of succession; thus an expression is of the first, second, third, &c. degree, according as its highest power is the first, second, third, &c. of the principal letter. But if another succession should occur, say one of differentiations, then the number of such successive operations is the order of the process. Thus a differential equation which contains, at the highest, the fifth power of a differential co-efficient, is said to be of the fifth degree; while if the highest differential co-efficient which occurs in it is the third, it is said to be of the third order. There is a particular use of the word order in regard to quantities which increase or diminish without limit. If A and B both diminish without limit, but if A diminish without limit with respect to B [INFINITE]. A is said to be of an inferior order to B; and generally the first powers of smail quantities are said to be of the first order; products of two small quantities, and second powers, of the second order; and so on. ORDERS, HOLY. [ORDINATION.] ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. [KNIGHTHOOD.] ORDINARY. This term, when used in English law, commonly signifies the bishop of the diocese, who is in general, and of common right, the ordinary judge in eccle. siastical causes arising within his jurisdiction. (Lindwoode's Provinciale, lib. i., tit. 3) The term is also applied to the commissary or official of the bishop, and to other persons having, by custom or peculiar privilege, judicial power annexed to their offices or dignities. Thus an archdeacon is an ordinary. A bishop therefore is always an ordinary, but every ordinary is not a bishop. ་ The term is derived from the Canonists, and is in common use in several European countries. Since the Lateran council, when the apostolic see assumed the power of presenting to benefices, the pope has sometimes been called by canonical writers' ordinarius ordinariorum.' In England the probate of wills, the granting of letters of administration, the admission, institution, and induction of parsons. and several other authorities of a judicial nature, are vested in the ordinary. The judex ordinarius of the canon and of the later Roman law is a judge who has judicial cognizance in his own proper right, as such judge, of all causes arising within the territorial limits of his jurisdiction. He is Blackstone, in the part of his 'Commentaries' already opposed to the judex delegatus, or extraordinarius, whose quoted, says, Purgation by ordeal seems to have been very jurisdiction extends only to such causes as are specifically antient, and very universal in the times of superstitious bar- delegated to him by some superior authority. (Ayliffe's barity. It was known to the antient Greeks: for in the Parergon, p. 309; Justin., Novell., 20, c. 3, and 112, c. 31.) Antigone' of Sophocles (v. 270) a person, suspected by Creon With reference to this distinction, it became usual to apply of a misdemeanor, declares himself ready" to handle hot the term ordinary' to bishops, who, when acting in their iron, and to walk over fire," in order to manifest his inno-judicial character in ecclesiastical causes, have strictly an cence; which the scholiast tells us was then a very usual ordinary jurisdiction; and we find it used in this sense by purgation.' And Grotius (on Numb. v. 17) gives us many Bracton and the earliest writers upon English law. instances of water-ordeal in Bithynia, Sardinia, and other places. In Siam, besides the usual methods of fire and water ordeal, both parties are sometimes exposed to the fury of a tiger let loose for that purpose: and if the beast spares either, that person is accounted innocent; if neither, both are held to be guilty; but if he spares both, the trial is incomplete, and they proceed to a more certain criterion.' (Mod. Univ. Hist., vol. vii., p. 266.) ་ The Asiatic Researches' (vol. i., 4to. Calcutta, 1788, p. 389-404) contain a memoir on the trials by ordeal among the Hindus, by Ali Ibrahim Khán, chief magistrate at Benares, communicated by Warren Hastings, Esq., nine in number: 1, by the balance; 2, by fire; 3, by water; 4, by two sorts of poison; 5, by Cosha, in which the accused drinks of water in which the images of the sun and other deities have been washed; 6, by chewing rice; 7, by hot oil; 8, by hot iron; 9, by Dharmach, in which an image P. C., No. 1037. ORDINATE is that particular rectangular Co-ordinate of a curve which is measured perpendicularly to one of the axes and not upon an axis. [CO-ORDINATE.] It is necessary to observe that though the term co-ordinate has been extended to what are called polar co-ordinates, yet the word ordinate is not separately used in the latter system. The etymology of ordinate will be found in the article cited. ORDINATION, the ceremony by which holy orders are conferred, or by which a person is initiated into the ministry of religion, or set apart for preaching, administering the sacraments, and discharging other ecclesiastical rites and duties, public or private. In the Church of England, a candidate must be twenty-three years of age before he can be ordained deacon, and twenty-four before he can be ordained priest; must have an appointment to some cure, except he be a fellow of a college; bring letters testimonial of his life and doctrine, for three years, from three beneficed clergymen; undergo an examination in Latin, Greek, and VOL. XVI.-3 Q |