some old words indeed, as Patrare bellum, Ductare exerci tum, well noted by Quintilian, and very much misliked o him. And + supplicium for supplicatio; a word smelling of an older store than the other two, so misliked by Quintilian. And yet is that word also in Varro, speaking of oxen thus, Ad victimas farciunt, atque ad deorum servant supplicia; and a few old words more.

"Read Sallust and Tully advisedly together, and in words you shall find small difference: yea, Sallust is more given to new words than to old, though some writers say the contrary: as, claritudo for gloria, exactè for perfectè, §fa

"Ni multitudo, togatorum fuisset, quæ Numidas msequentes prohibuit, uno die inter duos reges cœptum atque patrat im foret belJum:" in his Jugurthine War. And again, in the same history; "Tamen spe patrandi belli." So likewise, "Ductare exercitum," in his Catilinarian Conspiracy; "Quia Cn. Pompeius invisus ipsi, magnum exercitum ductabat." And in his History of Jugurtha; "Ipse quasi vitabundus, per saltuosa loca, et tramites exercitum ductare."

These expressions in Sallust, Quintilian does indeed take notice of; but not so much to find fault with the historian for using them, as with the age wherein he lived, and some idle wits, who strained the signification of these words to a loose and wanton meaning, quite contrary to the historian's intention and design.

"Vel hoc vitium sit, quod xaxópaтov vocatur: sive mala consuetudine in obscænum intellectum sermo detortus est, ut, ductare exercitum, et, patrare bellum, apud Sallustium dicta sanctè et antiquè, ridentur à nobis, si diis placet: quam culpam non scribentium quidem judico, sed legentium: tamen vitanda, quatenus verba honesta moribus perdidimus, et evincentibus etiam vitiis cedendum est.

"Itaque senatus ob ea feliciter acta, diis immortalibus supplicia decernere." Bello Jugurthino. The following passage is in Varro's second book de Re Rustica, cap. 5, but ill printed in the former edition: "Tametsi quidam de Italicis quos propter amplitudinem præstare dicunt, ad victimas farciunt, atque ad deorum servant supplicia."

"Cùm præsertim tam multæ variæque sint artes animi, quibus summa claritudo paratur;" in his preface to the Jugurthine War: And a little after, speaking of Jugurtha; "In tantam claritudinem brevi pervenerat, uti nostris vehementer carus, Numantinis maximo terrori esset."

S" Facundia Græcos, gloria belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse.” Bello Catil. And in his Jugurthine: "Sed, quoniam ea tempestate Romæ Memmii facundia clara pollensque fuit.” Now whatever

cundia for eloquentia. These two last words, exactè and facundia, now in every man's mouth, be never (as I do remember) used of Tully: and therefore I think they be not good. For surely Tully speaking every where so much of the matter of eloquence, would not so precisely have abstained from the word facundia, if it had been good; that is, proper for the tongue and common for men's use.

"I could be long in reciting many such like, both old and new words in Sallust: but in very deed, neither oldness nor newness of words maketh the greatest difference betwixt Sallust and Tully: but first, strange phrases, made of good Latin words, but framed after the Greek tongue; which be neither choicely borrowed of them, nor properly used by him; then, a hard composition and crooked framing of his words and sentences; as a man would say, English talk placed and framed outlandish-like. As for example first in phrases:

"Nimius and animus be two noted words: * Homo nimius animi, is an unused phrase. Vulgus, and amat, and fieri, be as common and well known words as may be in the Latin tongue: yet ↑ Id quod vulgo amat fieri, for solet fieri, is but a strange and Greekish kind of writing. Ingens and

Tully's reasons were for refusing this word, yet Ovid, it is certain,

was not so nice.

"Neve mihi noceat, quod vobis semper Achivi,

Profuit ingenium: meaque hæc facundia, si qua est,
Quæ nunc pro domino, pro vobis sæpe locuta est,
Invidia careat."

* This phrase, as I remember, is only in his Fragments: “Impotens, et nimius animi est.' In the same sense is that of Horace,

"Nimium mero Hylæum."

+ If I mistake not, this expression is no where to be found in Sallust; but is formed by Mr. Ascham in imitation of his style in other places. Quintilian in his ninth book has a passage not unlike it:

Ex Græco verò translata vel Sallustii plurima: quale est, Vulgus amat fieri.'" And in his Jugurthine War: "Tametsi multitudo, quæ in concione aderat, vehementer accensa, terrebat eum clamore, vultu, sæpe impetu, atque aliis omnibus, quæ ira fieri amat, vicit tamen impudentia."

In this place, we have amat either used as an impersonal, or else (what is still more harsh, and repugnant to the Latin construction) in imitation of the Greek tongue, joined to a nominative plural. In

vires, be proper words; yet vir ingens virium, is an improper kind of speaking. And so be likewise, æger consilii, promptissimus belli, territus animi, and many such like phrases in Sallust, borrowed, as I said, not choicely out of Greek, and used therefore improperly in Latin.

Again, in whole sentences, where the matter is good, the words proper and plain; yet the sense is hard and dark; and namely in his prefaces and orations, wherein he used most labour. Which fault is likewise in Thucydides in Greek, of whom Sallust hath taken the greatest part of his darkness. For Thucydides likewise writ his story, not at home in Greece, but abroad in Italy; and therefore smelleth of a certain outlandish kind of talk, strange to them of Athens, and diverse from their writing that lived in Athens and Greece, that writ the same time that Thucydides did: as Lysias, Xenophon, Plato, and Isocrates, the purest and plainest writers that ever wrote in any tongue, and best examples for any man to follow, whether he write Latin, Italian, French, or English. Thucydides also seemeth in his writing, not so much benefited by nature, as holpen by art, and carried forth by desire, study, labour, toil, and over great curiosity; who spent twenty-seven years in writing his eight books of his History. Sallust likewise wrote out of his country, and followed the faults of Thucydides too much; and borroweth of him some kind of writing, which the Latin tongue cannot well bear; as † casus nominativus in divers which language he is frequent enough in this sense; and so are οἶδε, ἐπίσταται, πέφυκε, but more especially among the poets.

As to the word itself, whatever objections it may be liable to in prose, where every thing should be plain and easy; yet I see no reason why it should be excluded poetry. Horace, I am sure, had no such scruple against it, as appears from these lines, secure of any

censure:

"Aurum per medios ire satellites
Et perrumpere amat saxa, potentius
Ictu fulmineo."

"In

And

* This expression is only to be met with in the Fragments: gens ipse virium, atque animi." And so is "consilii æger.' likewise this sentence: " Neque virgines nuptum à parentibus mittebantur, sed ipsæ belli promptissimos delegebant." And lastly, trarchas regesque territos animi firmavit."

"Te

Here, for want of better copies, these two learned gentlemen were led aside to a wrong censure of their author. For this passage,

places absolutè positus; as in that place of his Jugurthine War, speaking de Leptitanis :-Itaque ab imperatore facile quæ petebant, adepti, missæ sunt eo cohortes Ligurum quatuor. This thing in participles, used so oft in Thucydides, and other Greek authors too, may better be borne withal; but Sallust useth the same more strangely and boldly, *as in

beyond all dispute, (as later editions have settled it,) is thus to be read: "Itaque ab imperatore facile, quæ petebant, adepti. Missæ sunt eo cohortes Ligurum quatuor, et C. Annius præfectus." It is a short scheme of speech, familiar to Sallust and other writers; wherein the auxiliary verb sunt is elegantly left out. In the same manner, Livy speaking of Tullus Hostilius: "Imperitabat tum C. Cluilius Albæ. utrinque legati fere sub idem tempus ad res repetendas missi."

And is not this a demonstration of the necessity of correct and accurate editions? Will not this also teach some men of letters civility and good manners? Will not this oblige them to modesty, if they chance to see a little better than others in the same argument, and discover a mistake that has escaped the observation of such as have gone before? Will any one pronounce his fellow-student ignorant and illiterate for some little omission or inadvertency, when he sees two such champions in all polite learning, foiled for want only of one single point fixed in its right place? So liable to error is human frailty! so short-sighted is the keenest eye! and so narrow and confined is the most comprehensive understanding!

* "Sed postquam in Hispania Hercules, sicut Afri putant, interiit: exercitus ejus, compositus ex gentibus variis, amisso duce, ac passim multis sibi quisque imperium petentibus, brevi dilabitur."

This is the sentence at length; and I perceive learned men have given themselves no small trouble, though indeed to little purpose, in reconciling it to the rules of common syntax. And yet what can be more easy, if we thus supply what is certainly to be understood? "Multis (sibi quisque scilicet petebat) imperium petentibus." This I take to be the right way to account for it. One sentence, wherein stronger affirmation is made, respecting each individual, in a short succinct form of speaking, is included in another.

But if this be thought so difficult a question, as to have the ablest grammarian in England called upon to clear it; what shall we say to this construction in Livy, "Raptim quibus quisque poterat elatis,' which I take to be much more knotty and intricate? It is in his first book, where he is describing the ruins of Alba. Here, if I mistake not, we have a pure Attic idiom brought to Rome; the relative and antecedent being joined in the same case. In plain language fully expressed, it ought to have been, "Raptim iis, quæ quisque poterat efferre, elatis."

these words; Multis sibi quisque imperium petentibus. I believe the best grammarian in England can scarce give a good rule, why quisque, the nominative case without any verb, is so thrust up among so many oblique cases."

Some man perchance will smile, and laugh to scorn this my writing, and call it idle curiosity, thus to busy myself in picking about these small points of grammar; not fit for my age, place, and calling, to trifle in. I trust that man, be he never so great in authority, never so wise and learned, either by other men's judgement or his own opinion, will yet think that he is not greater in England than Tully was at Rome; nor yet wiser nor better learned than Tully was himself; who at the pitch of threescore years, in the midst of the broil betwixt Cæsar and Pompey, when he knew not whither to send wife and children, which way to go, where to hide himself; yet in an earnest letter, among his earnest counsels for those heavy times, concerning both the common state of his country and his own private affairs, he was neither unmindful nor ashamed to reason at large, and learn gladly of Atticus, a less point of grammar than these be, noted of me in Sallust; as whether he should write, ad Piræea, in Piraea, or, in Piræeum, or, Piræeum, sine præposi

These constructions I look upon as pleasing irregularities, or fond innovations, what the Greeks call σχήματα καινοπρεπείας, at first forwardly introduced, and afterwards by use and custom established. Of this nature are, 66 Cui nomen Iulo:" and, "Lactea nomen erat," and such like; thought, no question, to be beauties, like moles in a fair face.

"Venio ad Piraea, in quo magis reprehendendus sum, quòd homo Romanus Piraea scripserim, non Piraeum, (sic enim omnes nostri locuti sunt) quam quòd in addiderim. Non enim hoc ut oppido præposui, sed ut loco: et tamen Dionysius noster, qui est nobiscum, et Nicias Cous non rebatur, oppidum esse Piræea; sed de re videro. Nostrum quidem si est peccatum, in eo est, quod non, ut de oppido locutus sum, sed ut de loco; secutusque sum, non dico Cæcilium, Mane ut ex portu in Piræeum;' (malus enim auctor Latinitatis est) sed Terentium, cujus fabellæ propter elegantiam putabantur à C. Lælio scribi: Heri aliquot adolescentuli coiimus in Piræeum.' (It is much better in the editions of Terence, in Piræeo) et idem, Mercator hoc addebat, captam e Sunio.' Quod si dhμous oppida esse volumus; tam est oppidum Sunium, quàm Piraeus. Sed, quoniam Grammaticus es, si hoc mihi μa persolveris, magna me molestia liberâris.