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234. If combien, comment, quand, que, à quoi, de quoi, où, d'où, par où, or an ob. jective noun, preceded by quel, begins the interrogative sentence, the subject is better placed after the verb; as,

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235. Construct, however, according to the above rule (233), when the verb in a entence or clause beginning with combien, comment, où, or quand, is in a compound tense, or followed by an object, or some completing expression; as,—

Combien cette voiture a-t-elle coûté?
Comment cet accident est-il arrivé?
Où ceci a-t-il été réparé si mal?
Quand le roi a-t-il quitté le château?

How much did that carriage cost?
How did that accident happen?
Where was this so badly mended?
When did the king leave the castle?

III. Construction of the Object.

236. Place the direct object before the indirect, when both words are of equal length, or nearly so; as,—

J'ai acheté deux lapins pour les enfans. I have bought two rabbils for the children. 237. Place the shorter word first, when they are of different lengths; as,Les hypocrites parent des dehors de la vertu les vices les plus honteux et les plus décriés. Hypocrites adorn, with the externals of virtue, their most shameful and odious vices. 238. REMARK.-Exceptions to the above rules are sometimes made, when obscurity or amhibology would arise from the regular arrangement of the objective expressions; as,—

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1. Les maîtres, qui grondent ceux qui les servent 1. Les maîtres, qui grondent avec emportement ceux avec emportement, sont les plus inal servis. qui les servent, sont les plus mal servis.

1. The masters, who passionately scold those under them, are the worst attended. 239. The parts which form a compound object must be of the same kind—that is, either all nouns, or all infinitives, or all similar prepositions; as,—

Do not say

1. Il aime le jeu et à étudier.

But say

1. Il aime le jeu et l'étude (or à jouer et à étudier.)

2. Je crois vos raisons excellentes, et que 2. Je crois que vos raisons sont excellentes, et que vous le convaincrez.

1. He loves playing and studying.

Alder

tous le convaincrez

2. I believe your reasons to be excellent, and that
you will convince him.

IV. Relation of Verbs to Prepositions.

Verbs which change their Meaning,

ACCORDING TO THE PREPOSITION OR OTHER WORDS USED AFTER THEM.

Ajouter

Applaudir

Assurer

Atteindre

Squelqu'un Is simply to give assistance by means of money, credit, or advice.
Và quelqu'un... Is to give assistance by taking part in another's efforts or embarrassments,
NOTE. In speaking of things, use always aider à,

quelque

chose. Expresses addition of something to another, and generally applies to mat Means sometimes to amplify, and generally applies to mind. [ter. quelqu'un..... Is to show our approval to others, by the clapping of the hands or with

the voice.

à quelqu'un... Is to congratulate somebody, on the means he employed in doing any thing. I quelqu'un de.. Is to bear testimony.

Và quelqu'un..... Is to affirm, to give forth any thing as being certain.

{ quelque chose.. Implies no difficulty.

à quelque chose. Imp ies obstacles to be overcome.

NOTE. In speaking of persons, atteindre means to equal, and requires a direct complement.

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Implies power, authority, force, superiority, in the person with whom one deals

Implies concourse of business, discussion, difference (contention), contex

EXERCISES AND CONVERSATION ON THE RULES OPPOSITE.

187

IDIOMATICAL ILLUSTRATIONS

OF THE RULES OPPOSITE.

Rule 234.-1. Combien gagnent les commis? 2. Comment se font les bouchons? 3. Quand mourut Watt? 4. Que demande ce monsieur? 5. D'où vient donc maintenant la cuisinière? Rule 235.-1. Combien vos ouvriers ont-ils gagné la semaine dernière? 2. Comment ces pierres Bont-elles tombées? 3. Où avez-vous attrapé ce lièvre? 4. Quand la reine est-elle partie ?

Rule 236.-1. Nous avons expédié une balle à la Maison Michaud aîné. 2. On a embarqué trois régimens pour la Corse. 3. J'ai tué un beau merle, d'un coup de pierre.*

Rule 237.-1. Les Jésuites couvrent du voile de la religion leur visage hypocrite et traître. Rule 238.-1. Les maîtres qui grondent avec colère les élèves qu'ils instruisent ne sont pas ceux qui se font obéir le mieux: la douceur a plus d'empire que les punitions.

Rule 239.-1. J'aime la peinture et la musique. 2. J'aime à peindre et à dessiner. 3. Je suis d'avis que vous partiez, et que vous ne nous attendiez pas.

(Aider.) 1. Les hommes devraient s'aider les uns les autres, et en se prêtant de l'argent, et en se donnant des conseils. 2. Les fourmis s'aident les unes aux autres à traîner.-(Ajouter.) 1. Ajoutez le nombre quatre au nombre seize, vous aurez vingt. 2. Le général, dans sa dépêche, ajoute au nombre des ennemis tués dans la dernière bataille.—(Applaudir.) 1. Tout le monde a applaudi l'acteur qui jouait César. 2. Je n'applaudis pas à la conduite de votre ami.-(A8surer.) 1. Les courtisans assurèrent le roi de leur dévouement. 2. Un officier assura au roi que le peuple se révoltait.—(Atteindre.) 1. Mon fils n'a pas encore atteint seize ans. 2. Pouvezvous atteindre à cette branche? Essayez. 3. Louis fait de rapides progrès, Jules ne peut pas l'atteindre.—( Avoir affaire.) 1. Pour si fort que l'on soit, on peut avoir affaire à de plus forts que soi. 2. Avez-vous affaire avec des maisons de Paris?

XXIX.—EXERCISE.

Translate into French and write.

Rule 234.-1. How much do your clerks gain? 2. How is my aunt to-day? 3. When shall your nephew come? 4. What does that woman want? 5. Whence comes that ship? 2. How did that accident happen?

Rule 235.-1. How much did that nice carriage cost?

Rule 236.-1. I bring two beautiful dolls for the girls. 2. I killed a blackbird with a stone. Rule 237.-1. Hypocrites adorn, with the externals of virtue, their most shameful vices. Rule 238.-1. Masters, who passionately scold (grondent) those under them (ceux qui les servent), are often the worst attended to (servis).

Rule 239.-1. A good pupil loves studying as much as playing. 2. I believe (that) your reasons to be (are) excellent, and that you will convince him (vous le convaincrez).

(Aider.) 1. Men ought to assist one another, not only by advice, but also with money. 2. Ants assist one another to carry.—(Ajouter.) 1. Add the number four to the number sixteen. 2. A general, in his dispatches, often adds to the number of enemies killed by his troops.—(Applaudir.) 1. All applauded the actor who performed the part of Brutus. 2. I do not applaud your brother's conduct.-(Assurer.) 1. The courtiers assured the king of their devotedness to his cause. 2. A guard of the palace assured the king that the people were running to arms.— (Atteindre.) 1. Has your son reached sixteen years yet? 2. Can you reach that branch? Try. 8. Lewis makes rapid progress: Julius cannot reach him.-(Avoir affaire.) 1. However strong we are, we may have to deal with stronger ones. 2. I have some connection with houses in Paris.

FRENCH CONVERSATION

Illustrative of the rules in the page opposite.

1. Comment l'accident du chemin de fer est-il arrivé? 9. Ajoutez le nombre 5 au nombre 18. qu'aurez-vous? 2. Doit-on gronder avec colère l'élève qu'on instruit? 3. Plus d'un roi règne-t-il avec tyrannie sur ses sujets? 4. Aimez-vous à chasser, à pêcher, et à nager? 5. Pensez-vous qu'il pleuve ou qu'il neige, demain ? 6. Apprend-on facilement à dessiner et à peindre? 7. Quels insectes s'aident les uns les autres à porter? 8. Les hommes devraient-ils s'aider les uns les autres?

10. Ajoute-t-on quelquefois à ce que l'on raconte ?
11. Applaudit-on, ou siffle-t-on les bonnes actrices?
12. Doit-on applaudir à la conduite des méchans?
13. Assure-t-on les rois d'un dévoûment qu'on n'a pas?
14. Le journal assure-t-il toujours la vérité au lecteur?
15. Peut-on parfois avoir affaire à plus fort que soi ?
16. Aver-cous affaire avec des maisons de Marseilles

188

Avoir rapport

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avec

C'est à vous

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I de

Commencer

sa

I de

Continuer

sa

de

Comparer

Croire

SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

Expresses an idea of reference.

Implies analogy, resemblance, or conformity.

Expresses the idea of somebody's turn.
Expresses an idea of right, or duty.

Expresses an action which may be improved or increased,
Expresses an action which will go on without improvement.

Expresses an action continued without interruption.
Expresses an action continued after interruption.

quelque chose. Implies analogy, or a common relation of resemblance between both teria
of comparison.

à quelque chose Implies neither resemblance nor analogy between the objects compared.
[quelque chose. Is to consider something as being true.

à quelque chose Is to have frith or confidence in something.
quelqu'un..... Is to have faith in what somebody says.

à quelqu'un... Is to believe the existence of somebody.

Déjeuner, di- j avec

....

quelqu'un à...

Is used before names of persons.

Is used before names of things.

Is used when the action expressed by the 'nfinitive is performed by the suv ject of the verb denunder.

Is used when the action expressed by the infinitive is performed by the complement of the verb demander.

Is to point out the differences which exist vetween the analogous qualities of two things.

Is to point out the real qualities which make two things quite different
although they may appear similar.

Is generally used with an objective relating to persons.
Is used with an objective relating to things.

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i à quelqu'un... Is to be regardless of others' weakness, misery, misfortune, &c.

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i de
I quelque chose.
I quelqu'un à...

....

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Forcer

$ quelque chose

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Is used when joindre means to add.

Are both used when joindre means to unite, to combine.

Means to play at any game.

Means to play on an instrument of music.

Relates to the exterior or surface.

Relates to the interior or inside,

Is not to fulfil one's duty, in reference to either persons or things.
Expresses want need, penury.

Is to embroil several things together.

Is to join, or to unite.

Is used to express a service rendered, a pleasure given.

Is used in any other circumstance.

Is used in reference to things, and means to remark, to pay attention.
Is used in reference to persons, and means to call attention.

Is to lose the custom or habit of doing any thing.

Is to forget, to do something accidentally.

Squelque chose. Is used as a transitive verb, in reference to things,

Is used as an intransitive verb, in reference to persons.

NOTE-In a figurative sense, the preposition à may be used with purdonner, before names of things. Là quelque chose Means to partake of

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Means to have a natural relation with.

Is used before a noun or pronoun representing a person.
Is used before an infinitive.

In this case, à témoin forms an adverbial expression, and is invariable.
pour témoin... In this case. témoin is a substantive, and may become plural,
NOTE-The same observation applies to prendre à garant (to call to answer), and to prendre d

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EXERCISES ON THE RULES OPPOSITE.

189

IDIOMATICAL ILLUSTRATIONS

OF THE RULES OPPOSITE.

(Avoir rapport.) 1. Ce que vous dites là, n'a pas de rapport à ce que j'ai dit. 2. L'algèbre a intimement rapport avec l'arithmétique.-(C'est à.) 1. C'est à moi à mêler les cartes, et c'est à vous à faire. 2. C'est au père et à la mère de donner un bon exemple aux enfans.--(Commencer.) 1. Cet enfant commence à parler. 2. L'orateur commença de parler à quatre heures.-(Continuer.) 1. Continuez à bien vivre. 2. Continuez de vous former le jugement.-(Comparer.) 1. Comparez ces deux poires, quelle est la plus grosse? 2. Pouvez-vous comparer les groseilles aux raisins?-(Croire.) 1. Croyez-vous ce qu'il dit? 2. Croyez-vous aux revenans? 3. Croyez-vous toujours un candidat quand il fait sa profession de foi?--(Déjeúner, &c.) 1. Je dijeune souvent avec le maire. 2. Il dine parfois de viande et de légumes.-(Demander.) 1. Un monsieur demande a vous parler. 2. Elle me demande de l'accompagner.--(Emprunter.) 1. Il a emprunté un million au duc. 2. Cette citation est empruntée de la Bible.—(Engager.) 1. Ils ont engagé tous leurs bijoux. 2. Je vous engage à sortir tout armé.-(Essayer.) 1. Voilà un bâton, essayez à le rompre. 2. Avez-vous essayé de nager?-(Forcer.) 1. Le serrurier a forcé la serrure. 2. Le maître force l'élève à préparer ses leçons.—(Insulter.) 1. N'insultez jamais personne, souvent à la misère par son luxe.—(Joindre.) 1. Joignez cette corde-ci à celle-là. 2. Jignes le bleu avec le gris, pour peindre cela.-(Jouer.) 1. Voulez-vous jouer à la crosse ? 2. Jouezvous bien du violon.-(Manquer.) 1. Manquez-vous jamais à vos maîtres? 2. Manquez-vous souvent à vos devoirs? 3. Que feriez-vous, si vous manquiez d'argent? 4. La femme manquet-elle en général de langue !—(Méler.) 1. Ne mélez pas les factures avec les reçus. 2. Le lait mělé au thé est-il bon?-(Obliger.) 1. Vous m'obligerez de m'informer de cela. 2. Il m'a obligé à aller avec lui.—(Oublier.) 1. Cet enfant oublie à lire. 2. Ma vieille tante oublie tonjours de nous écrire.-(Pardonner.) 1. Dicu pardonnera à l'homme ses péchés, s'il en a repentir. 2. Sire, pardonnez à mon ingratitude.—(Persuader.) 1. On persuada aux habitans de se rendre. 2. Je vous ai enfin persuadé.—(Prendre.) 1. Il prit Dieu à témoin. 2. Il prit vos deux frères pour témoins. 3. Si vous prenez à caution un homme solvable, je vous prêterai.—(Prier.) 1. Je vous prie de me laisser tranquille. 2. Priez cette demoiselle à danser.

XXX.-EXERCISE.

Translate into French and write.

2. Le riche insulte

(Avoir rapport.) 1. What you say now (là) has no reference to what I said. 2. Algebra has an utimate (intimement) connection with arithmetic.-(C'est à.) 1. It is my turn to shuffle (mêler) cards. 2. It is for the father and mother to give a good example to their children.-(Commencer.) 1. That child begins to speak. 2. The orator began to speak at four o'clock.—(Continuer.) 1. Continue to live well. 2. Continue to form your judgment.-(Comparer.) 1. Compare these two pears: which is the bigger? 2. Can you compare gooseberries to grapes?--(Croire.) 1. Do you believe that? 2. Do you believe in ghosts?--(Déjeuner, &c.) 1. I often breakfast with our pastor. 2. He sometimes dines on vegetables.-(Demander.) 1. A gentleman wishes (or asks) to speak to you. 2. She wishes me (or she asks me) to take her.--(Emprunter.) 1. He has borrowed one million. 2. That quotation was borrowed from the Bible.-(Engager.) 1. They have pawned their jewels. 2. I advise you to go out.-(Essayer.) 1. There is a stick; try to break it. 2. Did you try to swim?-(Forcer.) 1. The locksmith forced the lock. 2. The master compels the pupil to study.--(Joindre.) 1. Add this rope to that. 2. Mix the blue color with the gray. (Jouer.) 1. Do you like to play cricket? 2. Do you play well on the violin?—(Manquer.) 1. Did you ever offend your masters? 2. Do you often forget your duty? 8. Do you want money? 4. Do women want tongue ?—(Mêler.) 1. Do not mix the bills with the receipts. 2. Is milk, mixed with ten, good?--(Obliger.) 1. You will oblige me by writing. 2. He has compelled me to do this.-(Oublier.) 1. That child forgets reading. 2. My aunt always forgets to write to us. --(Pardonner.) 1. God will forgive man his sins, if he repent. 2. Forgive ingratitude.—(Persuader.) 1. They persuaded the inhabitants to surrender.--(Prendre.) 1. He called God and man as witnesses. 2. He had both of your brothers for witnesses.—(Prier.) 1. I beg of you to leave me alone. 2. Ask that lady to dance.

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Is to induce somebody by persuasion to act.
Is to determine something by decision.

Is to retrench a part of the whole.

Is to deprive somebody of something.

Means to think of something, to meditate deeply upon a subject
Means to have dreams about something.

S quelqu'un...
..... Is to gire satisfaction to somebody.

{à quelque chose Is to fulfil something, a promise, à debt, &c.

Résoudre

sa

de

Retrancher

Ide

Rêver

de

Satisfaire

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Suppléer

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Tâcher

de

Tomber

quelqu'un...

Is used in reference to physical efforts.

Is used in reference to intellectual efforts,

Marks attention and quickness in acting, which arise from devotedness.
Expresses hurry arising from circumstances.

Relates to a thing which causes weariness to one generally.

Is used to express the weariness that something causes, while one is at is.
Implies a subject, or right to complain of.

Does not imply any subject or right to complain about.

Is used with a direct complement before nouns or pronouns
Is commonly used before an infinitive.

Expresses a momentary nullity of something.
Expresses an absolute nullity of service.

Is to spend time at doing something.

Expresses that one's attention is paid to a person or thing.

Is to bou under, to be overcome, to fall under.

Is to yield to, to offer no resistance.

Expresses sufficiency in reference to either persons or things.
Is used only impersonally, and means also sufficiency.

Is to take somebody's place.

quelque chose.. Is to supply what is wanted with something of the same nature.
a quelque chose Is to represent something by supplying it with an equivalent.
Means to aim at, to endeavor.

....

Expresses efforts made to overcome something.

Spar terre...... Is said of beings or things touching the ground with feet or roots.
Từ terre..... Is said of beings or things falling from a distance to the ground.
Is used when the subject is not determined.

un sujet.

Traitor

d'un sujet.. Is used when the nature of the subject has been made known.
une affaire.... Is to examine deeply into a subject or business.
d'une affaire.. Is to debate about a subject.

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Prepositions required by Verbs in the Passive Voice.

240. Verbs in the passive voice require either de or par before their complement. They require de when they express a sentiment or passion; they require par when they express an action in which the mind or body only is concerned; as,

With de.

L'honnête homme est estimé de tout le monde.

The honest man is esteemed by everybody.

With par.

Un homme a été tué par deux voleurs.
A man has been killed by two thieves.

241. REMARK.-To avoid the repetition of de, the preposition par may, however, be used although the verb does not express an action of the mind or body; as,

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Votre ouvrage sera censuré d'une manière sévère par les critiques (not des critiques).
Your work will be severely censured by the critics.

IDIOMATICAL USE OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS,
will, would, could, should, may, and might.

REMARKS.-1. Will, thall, would, could, should, may, and might, being sometimes principal vers, and sometimes orly auxiliaries to other verbs, must be translated into French according to their meaning.

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