the external apertures of the nostrils; whilst, with the ex- his father, in the "Acta Petropolitana" for 1777, and given ception of the Tapir, the two first only are employed for this here after nature: but they always remain hidden under purpose in the other quadrupeds. The form of the molar the gum, and this is the reason why Meckel did not see teeth varies but little from that which characterises those of them in the living animal, whilst they are manifest in the other species. The upper incisors are very much compressed, skeleton. Mr. Thomas, a surgeon of London, who has puband placed obliquely at a very considerable angle: the lished some anatomical observations on the One-horned lower incisors are large, pyramidal, and pointed, and between Rhinoceros, also found these small teeth in the skeleton of them are two very little incisors, which are supposed never, an individual four years old. But what no one, to my knowor hardly ever, to cut the gum! There are also two little ledge, has yet published, is that the Rhinoceros has, at a incisors on each side of the two upper great ones; but certain period of its life, two similar incisors on the upper these are, on the contrary, on the outside of the large in-jaw; only they are on the outside of the large ones, whilst cisor teeth. The form of the lower incisor teeth reminds in the lower jaw they are between the large ones. This the observer of the instrument generally used by husband- might have been inferred from the figure of the intermaxmen for extracting Docks (Rumex) from their pastures, and illary bone of a very young Rhinoceros, given by Camper they appear to be calculated for uprooting plants, as well as (the father) in the " Acta Petropolitana," vol. i., pl. ix., fig tearing or stripping up branches or stems of shrubs or trees. 3, and which I reproduce more complete, pl. v., fig. 3. In the case of uprooting, the nipper-like operation of the I even thought once that this character necessarily indicated two great upper incisors, as opposed to the lower ones, would another species; but in examining the drawings of the materially assist the extraction. anatomy of our Rhinoceros, made with the greatest care by Maréchal, under the inspection of Vicq. d'Azyr and Mertrud, I discovered the figure of a very small tooth outside the great incisor of the right side; and I saw in the explanation which accompanies the drawing, and which is written by Vicq. d'Azyr with his own hand, that there was, in fact, a small tooth on this side which was wanting on the other; I ran to the skeleton, and there found the remains of the alveolus on one side; but the tooth, already too much loosened (déracinée), was lost during the maceration; on the other side the alveolus itself was effaced.' (Ossemens Fossiles.)

The number of molar teeth on each side often varies in different individuals, though there are never more than twenty-eight. The reason of this is well explained by Cuvier.

All herbivorous animals,' says Cuvier, beginning with the horse, wear their teeth to the root; because in proportion as the crown diminishes by trituration, the alveolus is filled, and pushes the root out. When this tooth is composed of two branches, as in the Rhinoceros, and the body of the tooth is entirely used, there remain two stumps of root: these stumps are shed one after the other, being constantly diminished by the trituration, and pushed out by the growth of bone in the interior of the socket. In time the sockets themselves disappear. This is what happened to our Rhinoceros' (the Paris skeleton of Rhinoceros Indicus); he had already lost his first molar on each side, and the alveoli of it were nearly effaced; he had worn the next molar to the root, and had on one side lost even one of the stumps of the root, whilst both the stumps of the other side remained. But if this Rhinoceros had lost molars by age, he had not gained incisors: that happens not to the Rhinoceros more than to other animals who grow old. The two small intermediate incisors of the lower jaw exist from the period of youth, as may be seen in the head given to the cabinet by M. Adrian Camper; and still better by the end of the lower jaw of a very young subject, designed by

There are 56 vertebrae in all-7 cervical, 19 dorsal, 3 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 22 coccygian. The transverse apophyses of the atlas are very great and very wide, and without obliquity, so that their contour is nearly rectangular, which distinguishes them from those of the Hippopotamus; their extreme size distinguishes the atlas of the Rhinoceros from that of the Elephant still more clearly. The spinous process is only a large tubercle, and below the body of the vertebra is a small longitudinal crest. There are nineteen pairs of ribs, seven of which are true: they are easily recognised by their proportional thickness and the great arch formed by their curvature. The first pair are soldered together below. The sternum in the adult is composed of four bones; the first is compressed into a ploughshare-shape, and projects in a point in front of the first rib

Of the anterior extremities the following parts are re- of the Elephant, for example, forms a nearly equilateral markable. The scapula is oblong; its greatest width is at triangle, and the spine a great recurrent apophysis. The its upper fourth; its posterior border is elevated and thick- widely crested humerus is very remarkable, and distinened at this point. The crest has a very projecting apophy-guishable from that of every other quadruped of the same sis at its upper third, directed a little backwards; this crest size, but the carpus is formed after the same model as that of terminates at the lower fourth of the scapula, and conse- the Tapir and the Horse; though the Rhinoceros and the quently there is no acromion; a tuberosity occupies the place Tapir resemble each other more than they respectively of a coracoid process, and the glenoid cavity is nearly round. resemble the horse in this part of the skeleton. The anterior This configuration distinguishes the scapula or blade bone of face of the semilunar bone is square, and not pointed the Rhinoceros from that of other great quadrupeds; that above, as in the Hippopotamus. None of the bones of the P. C., No. 1225. VOL. XIX.-30

surface of the skull of Rhinoceros Javanus is wider than it | is high in Rhinoceros Indicus it is just the reverse; and the same difference exists in the dimensions of the occipital hole. Cuvier further observes that the upper contour of the occipital crest is notched in the cranium of the skull of Rhinoceros Javanus in the Paris collection, and convex in that of Rhinoceros Indicus. On examination of the lower surface, the incisive bones of the Javanese skeleton were

Teeth of Rhinoceros Javanus. (F. Cur.)

found by Cuvier to be narrower. The posterior notch of the palate was less deep, and advanced nearly opposite to the antepenultimate molar; the vomer was more visible externally in the internal nasal fossa; the pterygoid processes were less approximated at their base; the basilary region was shorter and wider, &c.; the ascending rami of the lower jaw and the coronoid apophysis were much less, but in other respects the structure resembled that of Rhinoceros Indicus. Cuvier thought at first that the small external upper incisors did not exist, but the observations of MM. Diard and Duvaucel satisfied him that they did.

Cuvier found the great upper incisors more delicate, so to speak, and situated more in parallel with each other than

those of Rhinoceros Indicus: the lower incisors were in the form of a triangular pyramid, terminated forwards in a sharp point, with their lower edge rounded, and their upper surface worn by the friction of the upper incisors. Cuvier justly supposes that the difference between these great lower incisors, which were sharp and pyramidal, as he has well described them, in the Javanese species, and the truncated great lower incisor teeth of Rhinoceros Indicus, was the consequence of age only. The small intermediate incisors in the Javanese species were like those in Rhinoceros Indicus. There is not much difference between either the upper or the lower molar teeth of the two one-horned Asiatic species; but the scapula of the Javanese Rhinoceros is very different from that of Rhinoceros Indicus; for it is wider in the middle; it has the anterior edge rounded into a more convex arch; the salient angle of the spine has a much higher position, it is wider and, especially, longer, directed backwards on the plane of the bone, and so that its point answers to the posterior border. It is also much lower below, and the coracoïd tubercle is much larger than that of Rhin. Indicus. Cuvier further remarks that the humerus of Rhin. Javanus is distinguishable at the first glance by its bicipital obliquely hollowed canal, and other differences; the ulna is narrower below, and the olecranon is more elongated and directed more according to the axis of the bone: the radius exhibits but little difference. The bones of the carpus were found to resemble those of Rhin. Indicus more than those of Rhin. Africanus; with the exception of the unciform bone, which is higher in proportion. Cuvier found that the pelvis of Rhin. Javanus differed from that of the other species principally in having the external spine not forked. There is a slight difference in the femur, principally in what Cuvier terms the third trochanter, which is placed on the middle of its external side, is wide, curved forwards, but not ascending towards the great trochanter, which has no point to meet it. The notch or space formed by the two is not closed, in consequence, externally; but it is as large as in Rhin. Indicus. The lower head of the bone is widened backwards. Cuvier found the principal difference of the tibia to consist in its greater length and the depth of the anterior canal of the upper head of the bone. But the tarsal bones were found by Cuvier to exhibit very marked specific differences: the astragalus, below its anterior pulley, has an oval deep fossa which is wanting in the other species. The internal edge of the pulley is also shorter, and descends more obliquely forwards. The lower apophysis of the calcaneum is less stout in proportion. The cuboid bone is less elevated, and all the bones of the metatarsus are shorter, wider, and more flat; so that, as Cuvier remarks, the feet of this species must be shorter and wider in proportion than the others.

Before we close our short notice of the osteology of this genus, we must refer the reader to the Catalogue of the Contents of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, part iii.; and to the Museum itself for a fine collection of the osseous parts and horns of these animals, Nos. 813 to 839 inclusive. Among them will be found a skeleton of the Sumatran Two-horned Rhinoceros (Sir Stamford Raffles), and the very skulls of that species which were figured by Bell (Phil. Trans., vol. lxxxiii., pl. 2, 3, 4 (No. 1815). There are also good examples of Rhin. Indicus and a very fine skull of Rhin. simus from the collection of Mr. Delafons.

Digestive Organs.-The stomach of these animals is simple, their intestines very long and the cæcum very large. Sparrman, who dissected a Cape Two-horned Rhinoceros as well as his position and his Hottentot assistants would permit, remarks that the viscera most resemble those of a horse; though the stomach did not in the least resemble that of a horse, but rather that of a man or a hog. It was four feet in length and two feet in diameter; and to this viscus was annexed an intestinal tube twenty-eight feet in length and six inches in diameter: at three feet and a half from the bottom was a large cæcum, if,' says Sparrman, 'I may so call a viscus, which at its upper end was of the same width as the stomach, viz. two feet, and above twice the length, that is, eight feet and a half, and lay on the spine of the back, being attached to it at both ends, after which it was contracted into a rectum six inches in width and eighteen in length.' The liver was three feet and a half in breadth, but in depth (taken as if the animal were in a standing position) two feet and a half. It consisted of three larger and perfectly distinct globes, almost

6

Præstitit exhibitus tota tibi, Cæsar, arena,
Quæ non promisit prælia rhinoceros,
O quam terribiles exarsit pronus in iras!
Quantus erat cornu, cui pila taurus erat."

equal in size, and of a small lobe besides, which projected | known in the time of Domitian appears from the following to about a foot from the concave side of the liver, at the epigram (Martial, De Spectaculis Libellus,' Ep. ix.):' middle of its upper edge. There was no gall-bladder nor any trace of it. In this the structure of the Rhinoceros resembled that of the horse; though some have considered the large hepatic duct of the horse as a gall-bladder. The contents of the stomach, which was very much distended, The best early figure of Rhinoceros Indicus known to us were entirely without offensive smell, and perfectly fresh is that of Bontius, which, though somewhat exaggerated by and sweet, consisting of masticated roots and small branches the draughtsman about the lip, and furnished with little of trees, some of them as big as the end of a man's finger. claws instead of broad nails, gives in general a correct idea There was evidence that the animal had also eaten a great of the animal. Bontius states that he has seen the anim quantity of succulent plants, among which Sparrman a thousand times, both in confinement and in its native thought he recognised two or three which were harsh and wilds, and he states that he gives the figure to correct the prickly. The whole of this mass,' says he, diffused error of those painters who have depicted the animal as around a very strong and not disagreeable aromatic odour, scutatum et squamis obsitum.' He states the following which in a great measure took off the stench of the putrid anecdote of its fury when provoked:-A party on horseback viscera. Might it not be some peculiar herb, or, perhaps, had proceeded to a wood, when in a marshy place they the root only of an herb, with which I was entirely uncame upon a rhinoceros and her young one. The mother. acquainted, that produced the greatest part of the aromatic on seeing them, arose and drove her young one towards the flavour? In the excrements of this animal, which were wood, and when it stopped as if in sport, pushed it forward four inches in diameter, and in other respects resemble with her snout. One of the company, out of a brava.. those of a horse, though they are of a much drier nature, rode up, and drawing his Japanese sword, cut at the hinder there is usually seen a quantity of bark and fibres of trees, parts of the old one, but the blows did not penetrate, a a circumstance that the hunters pay attention to; and by account of the hide, and some whitish marks only appeared that means are able to distinguish it from the dung of the The mother bore all patiently till her young one was safe.t Hippopotamus, an animal that feeds only on grass. I thrust hidden in the bushes and brushwood. Then the scene was my hand into this creature's mouth, which was half open, changed. The irritated beast turned suddenly on her per and found the tongue perfectly soft, which is in direct consecutor, whose life was saved by his frightened horse, wh tradiction to the common notion, viz. quod lambendo truci-galloped back to the party followed by the infuriated r dat. I was likewise not a little astonished to find no ceros overturning trees and everything in her way. fore-teeth in any of these carcasses of the Rhinoceros, although one of the three beasts seemed to be old; and, in fact, this animal has little room for fore-teeth, as the mouth goes off so sharp at the fore-part, that in that place it is only an inch and a half broad. Besides, it has no occasion for any teeth there, as the lips, like the skin, are of that extreme hardness, that it is able to clip off the tops of plants and shrubs with them, and that with so much the greater ease, as the under jaw goes within the upper; so that this species of Rhinoceros is probably capable of laying hold of its food with its lips and conveying it into the mouth, with the same ease and dexterity as Dr. Parsons observed in the common Rhinoceros on a similar occasion.' The spleen was hardly a foot broad, but full four feet long.

Circulating and Respiratory Organs.-The heart was a foot and a half in length and the breadth was not much less. The right lobe of the lungs had an incision in it (probably made by the Hottentots who exenterated the animal, or by the shot, which passed through the great blood vessels of the lungs, and mortally wounded the animal), but was in other respects undivided and entire: it was two feet in length. The left lung was subdivided into two lobes, the smaller of which was next to the base of the

heart.

Urinary System.-The kidneys were a foot and a half in diameter.

There are, we believe, in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons many preparations of the soft parts of a Rhinoceros Indicus which belonged to Mr. Wombwell, and died at Canterbury in the beginning of the year 1838. We had been in hopes that this dissection, which was made by Professor Owen, would have been given to the scientific world as a pendant to the admirable Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus, and in a similar shape.

Integuments and Horns.-The hide of the rhinoceros is perhaps as thick as, if not thicker than, that of any other pachydermatous animal. The horns, solid as they are apparently, consist actually of congregated parallel horny fibres. Fine examples of these horns, and of their gradual increase, will be found in the Museum of the College of Surgeons.

ASIATIC RHINOCEROSES. Rhinoceros Indicus (Rhinoceros Unicornis, Linn.). Specific Character and Description.--Dental Formula: see above. A single horn on the nose. Skin naked, very thick, of a dull deep purplish grey, marked with subelevated, rounded, and other inequalities, and remarkable for the deep folds which it forms behind and across the shoulders, and before and across the thighs, &c. There are a few stout, stiff, horny, and smooth hairs on the tail and on the ears.

We have seen that a one-horned rhinoceros, this species probably, was shown at Rome by Pompey: that it was well

As soon as she saw the rest of the company, she attacked them, and they avoided her by getting behind two great trees, scarcely two feet apart, between which the rhinoces in the blindness of her rage rushed, making them trembie like reeds. Whilst she was thus entangled, they used ther fire-arms with fatal effect, and slew her. The rash na who attacked her by himself had a very narrow escape; for she turned short upon him with a horrible roar cum inmani grunnitu et stridore, and seized him by the book which fortunately for him was made of light stuff, and gase way. Had it not been for its tearing, actum de eo fuisset." as Bontius says, in plain English it would have been all over with him. The same author, though so anxious to dissipate error, states, in a previous part of this chapter, De Aba sive Rhinocerote, that when the animal has prostrated a man, it kills him by licking him with his rough tongue, and tears off both skin and flesh, even to the bones; b etiam,' he adds, 'spinis ac vepribus libentissimè vescitur, and he quotes the lines,

'Lingua virum occidit lambendo rhinocerotis,

Aulica falsidici sic quoque lingua necat.'

It is to this most probably that Sparrman alludes above. Pennant, who is decidedly of opinion that this species is the Unicorn of holy writ, and the Indian ass of Aristotle (p. 463), says that it loves shady forests, the neighbourhood of rivers, and marshy places; that it brings forth one young at a time, and is very solicitous about it; that it is quiet and inoffensive, but when provoked, furious, very swift, and very dangerous. I know a gentleman,' he continues, who hai his belly ripped up by one, but survived the wound. Per nant gives the name of this person.

The rhinoceros described by Dr. Parsons came to London in 1739 from Bengal. It is stated that though but two years old, the expenses of his food and his voyage amounted to near 10007. sterling. He had daily seven pounds of re mixed with three pounds of sugar: this was divided into three portions. Hay and green herbs were also given to him, but he preferred the latter. He drank largely of water, taking a great quantity at a tim, was peaceable when nai hungry or provoked, and allowed himself to be hande When however he wanted to eat, or was irritated by any person, he became unruly, and in both cases he was only be appeased by food. When he was enraged, he spra›2 forward, reared himself up, and pushed violently with be head against the walls. Dr. Parsons observed these move ments produced by rage or impatience, especially in the morning before his rice and sugar were brought to him. The vivacity and promptitude of these actions led the duct c to think that the animal was altogether unconquerable,

See also lib. i., Ep. 4, xiv., p. 52, 53, &c.

+ Charles Pigot, Esq., of Peploe, Shrops hire, at that time in the Inca service