religion? 8. No, sir; I have not changed my religion. 9. Do you not change your place very often? 10. I change my place when I am tired. 11. Does not your sister change her mind every day? 12. She does not change her mind every day. 13. Was not your brother afraid, did not his countenance change? 14. His countenance changed, but he was not afraid. 15. Have you not changed rooms (chambre, f.)? 16. I have not changed rooms, my room is very good. 17. Do you not long to be in France? 18. I long to be there. 19. Does not your mother tarry too long? 20. She is very long in coming. 21. Have you changed the forty franc piece? 22. I have not changed it yet. 23. Why have you not changed it? 24. Because your father has no change. 25. Have you the change for a guinea? 26. No, sir; I have only twelve shillings. 27. How many cents are there in a dollar? 28. There are one hundred. 29. Has that gentleman exchanged that house? 30. Yes, sir; he has exchanged it for a warehouse. 31. Will you exchange your hat for mine? 32. No, sir; your hat is too small for me. 33. With whom have you exchanged your horse? 34. I have exchanged it with my brother. 35. I have exchanged it for a white one. LEÇON LIX. LESSON LIX. PLURAL OF COMPOUND NOUNS. 1. We have given in Lesson 11, rules for forming the plural of nouns, but have in accordance with our plan of not presenting too many difficulties at once, deferred until the present Lesson, the rules for the formation of the plural of compound nouns. 2. When a noun is composed of two substantives, or of a substantive and an adjective, both take the form of the plural: un chef-lieu, des chefs-lieux, a chief place, chief places; un gentilhomme, des gentilshommes, a nobleman, noblemen [§ 9, (1.) (3.)]. 3. When, however, two nouns are connected by a preposition, the first only becomes plural: Un chef-d'œuvre, des chefs-d'oeuvre, a master-piece, master-pieces [§ 9, (2.)]. 4. In words composed of a noun and a verb, preposition or adverb, the noun only becomes plural; passe-port, passe-ports, passport, passports [§ 9, (6.)]. 5. Words composed of two verbs, or of a verb, an adverb, and a preposition, are invariable: un passe-partout, des passe-partout, master-key, master-keys [§ 9, (8.)]. 6. We have seen [L. 5, R. 4.] that the name of the material always follows the name of the object, and that both are united by the preposition de. The name of the profession or occupation, also follows the noun representing the individual, and the same preposition de connects the two: un maître d'armes, a fencing-master; un maître de dessin, a drawing master; un marchand de farine, a dealer in flour § 76, (12.) § 81, (4.)]. 7. The name of a vehicle, boat, mill, etc., always precedes the noun describing the power by which it is impelled, or the purpose to which it is adapted; the name of an apartment, that of the use to which it is appropriated. The connecting preposition is à un moulin à vapeur, a steam mill; un bateau à vapeur, a steamboat; un moulin à eau, a water mill; la salle à manger, the dining-room [§ 76, (13.) (14.) § 81, (4.) (5.)]. RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES. Lille et Arras sont les chefs-lieux des départements du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais. Les chemins de fer et les bateaux Cette maison contient un salon, une Armes, f. p. fencing; Cabriolet, m. gig, Chat-huant, m. owl; Chauve-souris, f. bat; Lis and Arras are the chief places of the departments of the North and of the Pas-de-Calais. Railroads and steamboats are very numerous in America. That house contains a drawing-room, Windmills are more common in EXERCISE 115. Département, m. depart- Se munir, 1. ref. to pro vide one's self with; Roue, f. wheel; Voyag-er, 1. to travel; Voile, f. sail. 1. Faut-il avoir un passe-port pour voyager en France? 2. Il faut en avoir un. 3. Les Anglais se munissent-ils de passe-ports pour voyager en Angleterre? 4. On n'a pas besoin de passe-port en Angleterre. 5. Aimez-vous à voyager sur les chemins de fer? 6. J'aime mieux voyager sur les chemins de fer que sur les chemins ordinaires. 7. Avez-vous apporté vos passe-partout? 8. Je n'ai point de passe-partout, je n'ai que des clefs ordinaires. 9. Votre frère est-il venu dans un bâteau à vapeur? 10. Il est venu dans un bâteau à voiles. 11. Avez-vous une voiture à quatre chevaux ? 12. Non, monsieur; nous n'avons qu'un cabriolet à un cheval. 13. Votre frère a-t-il bâti un moulin à vapeur? 14. Il a fait bâtir deux moulins, l'un à vent et l'autre à eau. 15. Votre compagnon a-t-il engagé un maître d'armes? 16. Non, monsieur; il a déjà un maître de dessin, et un maître de danse. 17. Combien de chambres à coucher avez-vous? 18. Nous en avons deux. 19. Avez-vous une bouteille de vin? 20. Non, monsieur; mais j'ai une bouteille à vin (wine-bottle) [§ 81.]. 21. Voyez-vous les chats-huants? 22. Non, mais je vois les chauves-souris. 23. J'ai une voiture à quatre roues. EXERCISE 116. 1. Is your father in England? 2. No, sir; he is in France with my brother. 3. Have they taken passports? 4. Yes, sir; they have taken two. 5. Is it necessary to have a passport to travel in America ? 6. No, sir; but it is necessary to have one to travel in Italy. 7. Is there a steamboat from Calais to Dover (Douvres)? 8. There are several. 9. Is there a railroad from Paris to Brussels (Bruxelles)? 10. There is one from Paris to Brussels, and one from Paris to Tours. 11. Has your brother bought a wind-mill? 12. No, sir; but he has built a steam-mill. 13. Are there many wind-mills in America? 14. No, sir; but there are many water and steam-mills. 15. Have your sisters a dancing-master? 16. They have a dancing-master, and a music master. 17. Does your cousin learn drawing? 18. He does not learn it, he cannot find a drawing-master. 19. Is the fencingmaster in the dining-room? 20. No, sir; he is in the drawing-room. 21. Is your cousin in his bed-room? 22. No, sir; he is out (sorti). 23. How many rooms are there in your house. 24. Five; a kitchen, a dining-room, a drawing-room, and two bed-rooms. 25. Are there owls here? 26. Yes, sir; and bats too. 27. Have you seen those master-pieces? 28. Yes, sir; I have seen them. 29. Have you sent them to the chief place of the department? 30. I have sent them there. 31. Have you a two-horse gig? 32. I have a four-horse 33. Has your brother a two-wheel carriage? 34. He has a two-seat carriage (à deux sièges). one. LEÇON LX. LESSON LX. THE TWO FUTURES, SIMPLE, AND ANTERIOR. [§ 124.] 1. The future of every verb, in the French language, ends with rai, ras, ra, rons, rez, ront. 2. This tense, in all the regular verbs, as also in the irregular verbs not mentioned in the next lesson, may be formed from the present of the infinitive by changing the r of the first and second conjugations, and the oir and re of the third and fourth, into the terminations already given, and here again repeated. 3. CONJUGATION OF THE FUTURE SIMPLE OF THE REGULAR VERBS, 4. The future anterior is merely the past participle of the verb, conjugated with the future of one of the auxiliaries avoir and être : J'aurai fini; je me serai flatté. I shall have done; I shall have flattered myself. 5. The student, when rendering English into French, should be careful to distinguish will, taken as an auxiliary, from the same word employed as a separate verb. In this latter case, it is always equivalent to the verb, to wish, or to be willing, and should not be rendered by the future of the verb, but by the present of vouloir : Ne lui écrirez-vous pas ? Ne voulez-vous pas lui écrire ? Will you not write to him? (are you not going to write to him?) Will you not (are you not willing) to write to him? In the first example will is used as an auxiliary to write; in the second it is used as a separate verb. RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES. Quand parlerez-vous à ce monsieur? Vous fournira-t-il des provisions? When will you speak to that gentle man? Will he furnish you provisions? Ne vendrez-vous pas vos propriétés? Will you not sell your property? EXERCISE 117. Abreuvoir, m. watering Champ, m. field; place; Après-midi, f. afternoon; Blé, m. wheat; Château, m. villa; Donner à manger, to feed; Men-er, 1. [§ 49, (6.)] to Se promen-er, 1. ref. Cachet-er, 1. [§ 49, (4.)] Geler, 1. [§ 49, (5.)] to Sem-er, 1. [§ 49, (6.)] to to seal; freeze; sow. 1. Mènerez-vous vos enfants à l'école ? 2. Je les mènerai à l'école et à l'église. 3. Le jardinier apportera-t-il des légumes au marché? 4. Il y en apportera. 5. Où mènerez-vous ce cheval? 6. Je le mènerai à l'écurie. 7. Lui donnerez-vous à manger? 8. Je lui donnerai du foin et de l'avoine. 9. Lui donnerez-vous de l'eau? 10. Je le mènerai à l'abreuvoir. 11. Paierez-[§ 49, (2.)] vous ce que vous devez? 12. Ne voulez-vous pas vous promener? 13. Je me promènerai cette après-midi. 14. Vous promènerez-vous à pied, ou à cheval? 15. Je me promènerai à cheval, et ma sœur se promènera en voiture. 16. Marcherez-vous beaucoup, dans votre voyage à Paris ? 17. Nous ne marcherons pas du tout. 18. N'appellerez[§ 49, (4.)] vous pas le colporteur ? 19. Je ne l'appellerai pas. 20. N'achèterez- [§ 49, (5.)] vous pas ce château? 21. Nous l'achèterons si nous pouvons. 22. Ne gèlera-t-il pas [§ 49, (5.)] cette nuit? 23. Je ne le crois pas, il fait trop chaud. 24. Ne sèmerez[§ 49, (6.)] vous pas tout le blé que vous récolterez? 25. Je n'en sèmerai qu'une partie, je vendrai le reste. 26. Je cachetterai mes lettres, et je les porterai à la poste. EXERCISE 118. 1. Will not the gentleman call his children? 2. He will call his children and his sister's. 3. Will you not bring your children? 4. I cannot bring them. 5. Will you not take a ride this afternoon? 6. We will ride in a carriage to-morrow. 7. Will you not buy my father's horses? 8. I shall not buy them, I have no money. 9. Will you not call the pedlar? 10. I do not wish to call him, I do not wish to buy any thing. 11. Will you pay the tailor? 12. I will pay him for my coat. 13. Will it not freeze to-morrow. 14. It will |