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Quelle voiture conduisiez-vous?

Pour qui me preniez-vous ?

What carriage were you driving?
For whom were you taking me?

Je venais vous trouver quand je I was coming to you when I met you.

vous rencontrai.

A qui écriviez-vous ce matin?

J'écrivais à ma sœur et à mor frère.

Autrement, otherwise;
Cass-er, 1. to break;
Chasse, f. hunting;
Dire, 4. ir. to say;
Montre, f. watch;
Moins, (au) at least;
Mort, e, dead;
Offens-er, 1. to offend;

To whom were you writing this morning?

I was writing to my sister and to my brother.

EXERCISE 105.
Oubli-er, 1. to forget;
Pêche, f. fishing;
Peind-re, 4. ir. to paint;
Reven-ir, 2. ir. to re-
turn;

Sav-oir, 3. ir. to know;
Se tromp-er, 1. to be mis-
taken;

Teind-re, 4. ir. to dye;
Teinturier, m. dyer;
Toile, f. linen cloth;
Rencontr-er, 1. to meet;
Val-oir, 3. ir. to be worth;
Ven-ir, 2. ir. to come, to
have just; L. 26, 2.
Vite, quickly.

1. Pourquoi n'écriviez-vous pas plus vite ce matin? 2. Parce que j'avais peur de me tromper. 3. Ne craigniez-vous pas d'offenser cette dame? 4. Je craignais de l'offenser, mais je ne pouvais faire autrement? 5. Que peigniez-vous ce matin? 6. Je peignais un tableau d'histoire. 7. Votre teinturier que teignait-il? 8. Il teignait du drap, de la soie, et de la toile. 9. De quelle couleur les teignaitil? 10. Il teignait le drap en noir, et la soie et la toile en vert. 11. Conduisiez-vous le jeune Polonais à l'école, lorsque je vous ai rencontré ? 12. Je conduisais mon fils aîné à l'église. 13. Que lisiezvous? 14. Je lisais des livres que je venais d'acheter. 15. Ne saviezvous pas que ce monsieur est mort? 16. Je l'avais oublié. 17. Combien la montre que vous avez cassée valait-elle ? 18. Elle valait au moins deux cents francs. 19. Ne valait-il pas mieux rester ici, que d'aller à la chasse? 20. Il valait beaucoup mieux aller à l'école. 21. Votre ami que vous disait-il? 22. Il me disait que son frère est revenu d'Espagne. 23. N'alliez-vous pas à la chasse tous les jours, lorsque vous demeuriez à la campagne? 24. J'allais souvent à la pêche. 25. Mon frère allait tous les jours à l'école, quand il était ici.

EXERCISE 106.

1. Were you afraid this morning when you came to our house' 2. I was afraid. 3. Of what were you afraid? 4. I was afraid of the horse. 5. Was not your friend afraid of falling? (de tomber. See L. 21, R. 2, 4.) 6. He was not afraid of falling, but he was afraid of making a mistake (de se tromper. See 2. in Exercise above.) 7. Were you not afraid of offending your brother? 8. I was afraid of offending him 9. Were you taking your son to school? 10. I

was conducting him to school. 11. Was the dyer dyeing your coat? 12. He was not dyeing my coat, he was dyeing silk. 13. What color was he dyeing the silk? 14. He was dyeing some red, and some green. 15. Was he dyeing his linen cloth black or green? 16. He was neither dyeing it black nor green, he was dyeing it pink (rose). 17. Were you aware (saviez-vous) that your uncle is dead? 18. I did not know it (imperfect). 19. What was the gentleman reading? 20. He was reading a letter which he had just received. 21. Were you cold when you came here? 22. I was cold, hungry, and thirsty. 23. Were you not ashamed of your conduct? (conduite). 24. I was ashamed of it. 25. Were you not in want of money? 26. I was not in want of it. 27. Did you not want your father? 28. We did not want him. 29. Whither were you going when I met you? 30. I was going to your house. 31. Were you driving your brother's carriage? 32. I was driving my own (la mienne). 33. Were you writing to my father or to me? 34. I was writing to your friend's cousin. 35. Your friend was taking me for your eldest brother,

LEÇON LV.

LESSON LV.

THE PAST ANTERIOR AND THE PLUPERFECT.

(§ 122, 123.)

1. The past anterior is formed from the past definite of the auxiliary and the past participle of the verb: j'eus parlé, I had spoken ; je fus venu, I had come.

2. The past anterior expresses generally a momentary action, which took place before another action. The latter immediately follows the former, and often depends upon it. The action expressed by this tense is not a customary one. The past anterior is often preceded by à peine, scarcely; dès que, aussitôt que, as soon as; quand, lorsque, when; [§ 122. § 123, (3.)]

Dès que j'eus fini ma tâche, je m'en As soon as I had finished my task, 1 allai. went away.

3. This tense partakes of the nature of the past definite.

4. The pluperfect is composed of the imperfect of the auxiliary and the past participle of the verb; j'avais parlé, I had spoken; j'étais venu, I had come.

5. To this tense might be applied nearly all the rules on the use of the imperfect. The action which it expresses, or the situation

which it depicts, is frequently a customary one, or one often repeated.

Dès que j'avais fini ma tâche, je m'en As soon as my task: was finished, I allais. used to go away.

RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES.

Aviez-vous eu soin de vos effets?
J'en avais eu soin.

Had you taken care of your things?
I had taken care of them.
Had you not wanted me?

I had wanted you and your brother.

N'aviez-vous pas eu besoin de moi? Javais eu besoin de vous et de votre frère. N'aviez-vous pas eu l'intention de Had you not intended to speak to me? me parler?

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1. Ne saviez-vous pas où le musicien était allé? 2. Je savais qu'il était allé à Paris. 3. Ne vous avait-on pas dit que votre frère est mort? 4. On m'avait dit qu'il était dangereusement malade. 5. Ne vous couchiez-vous pas ordinairement, dès que vous aviez fini vos leçons? 6. Dès que je les avais finies, j'allais au spectacle. 7. Dès que vous eûtes fini vos leçons, que fîtes-vous hier au soir? 8. Aussitôt que je les eus finies, j'allai au bal. 9. Cette petite fille n'avait-elle pas envie de dormir? 10. Elle avait plus envie de dormir que d'étudier. 11. Qu'aviez-vous fait de (with) votre livre, quand je vous le demandai ? 12. Je l'avais égaré. 13. Où l'aviez-vous égaré? 14. Je l'avais oublié dans le jardin. 15. Pourquoi votre montre étaitelle arrêtée ? 16. Parce que j'avais oublié de la remonter. 17. L'horloger ne l'avait-il pas remontée ? 18. Il avait oublié de le faire. 19. N'aviez-vous pas perdu votre bourse? 20. Je l'avais perdue,

mais je l'ai retrouvée. 21. Votre cousin était-il parti? 22. Il n'était pas encore parti. 23. Etait-il sorti? 24. Il était sorti avec ma mère. 25. Où était-il allé ? 26. Il était allé chez mon frère, qui l'avait invité à dîner.

EXERCISE 108.

1. Had you not intended to speak to my brother? 2. I had intended to speak to him, but he had gone. 3. Did your sister go to bed last evening, as soon as she had read (lu) her book? 4. She went to bed as soon as she had read it. 5. Did she usually go to bed, as soon as she had read her book? 6. She generally went to bed, as soon as she had read six pages. 7. Were you told that your sister was sick? 8. I was told that she had been dangerously sick. 9. Did you know what you had done with your pen? 10. I knew that I had mislaid it. 11. Had your sister mislaid hers? 12. She had left (laissée) it in my room. 13. How many of your books have you mislaid? 14. I had mislaid five, but my brother has found them. 15. Where had you left them? 16. I had left them in the garden. 17. Had your brother's watch stopped? 18. It had stopped. 19. Why had it stopped? 20. He had forgotten to wind it up. 21. Had he not lost his key? (clef, f.) 22. He had not lost it. 23. Had you wanted my father or me? 24. I had wanted your little girl. 25. Was she out? 26. She was out with your brother. 27. Had she gone to my sister's? 28. She had gone thither. 29. Had the dyer gone? 30. He had not yet gone, he intended to leave at five. 31. Had you spoken to him, when I came yesterday? 32. I had spoken to him. 33. Had you told him that my sister is here? 34. I had told him. 35. Is he still here? 36. No, sir; he has gone, he went this morning at six.

LEÇON LVI.

LESSON LVI.

PLACE OF THE SUBJECT AND OF THE OBJECT.

1. We have given [L. 6, R. 4, and § 76 (4.)] a rule for the place of the noun, subject or nominative of an interrogative sentence. To avoid confusing the student, we have hitherto refrained from introducing another construction which is often used by the French, instead of that given in the rule. When the sentence commences with où, where; que, what; quel, which; combien, how much, how many; and quand, when; the noun may be placed immediately after

the verb. This construction is similar to that of the English interrogative sentence, when the verb has no auxiliary [§ 76, (5.)]

Où sont nos amis et nos parents?
Qu'écrit votre correspondant?

Where are our friends and relations?
What writes your correspondent?

2. When there are, in a French sentence, two regimens of equal length, the direct should precede the indirect [§ 76, (7.)].

Avez-vous donné les jouets à l'enfant?

Avez-vous donné cette lettre à l'homme?

Have you given the child the play things?

Have you given the man that letter ?

3. The régime indirect precedes the direct, when the latter is followed by a relative pronoun, or by other words qualifying it, and rendering it much longer than the indirect [§ 76, (8)]. The indirect regimen should also precede the direct, when the sentence would otherwise be equivocal [§ 76, (9)].

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1. Où étaient vos parents l'année dernière ? 2. Ils étaient en Angleterre. 3. Où sont restés les messieurs qui vous accompagnaient ce matin? 4. Ils sont restés chez leurs associés. 5. Que lisaient vos amies, lorsque vous les avez quittées? 6. Elles lisaient les nouvelles qu'elles venaient de recevoir. 7. Que dit monsieur votre père?

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