2. Combien de fois answers to the English, how often, how many

times.

Combien de fois y avez-vous été?

3. Jusqu'où is used for how far, Jusqu'où avez-vous été ?

4. Jusqu'à quelle heure (till what

Jusqu'à quelle heure avez-vous attendu?

How many times have you been there?

what distance, etc.

How far have you been?

hour,) means also, how late.

How late did you wait?

5. D'où means whence; par où, which way, in what direction.

D'où venez-vous mon ami?

Par où votre ami est-il allé ?

Whence do you come, my friend?
Which way did your friend go?

6. Mener [§ 49.], porter, to take, to carry; amener, apporter, to bring, to take with one; emmener, emporter, to take, to carry away. We use mener, amener, emmener, for to take, to bring, to take away, in the sense of conducting, leading, guiding, on foot or in a vehicle. Porter, apporter, emporter, mean to carry, to bear, to carry away, etc.

1. Le jeune homme est-il allé loin? 2. Il n'est pas allé bien loin, il n'est allé que jusqu'à Paris. 3. Vos enfants font trop de bruit, pourquoi ne les emmenez-vous pas? 4. Ils sont malades, ils ne peuvent marcher. 5. Comment les avez-vous amenés ici? 6. Je les ai amenés en voiture. 7. À quelle heure amenez-vous le médecin? 8. Je l'amène tous les jours à midi. 9. Combien de fois par jour menez-vous vos élèves à l'église? 10. Je les mène à l'église deux fois par jour. 11. Combien de fois y avez-vous été? 12. J'y ai été plusieurs fois. 13. Par où ces voyageurs sont-ils venus? 14. Ils sont venus par Amiens et par Rouen. 15. D'où apportez-vous cette nouvelle? 16. Je l'apporte de Cologne. 17. D'où avez-vous amené ces superbes chevaux? 18. Je les ai amenés d'Angleterre. 19. Si vous quittez la France, avez-vous l'intention d'emmener votre fils? 20. J'ai l'intention de l'emmener. 21. Qu'avez-vous apporté de France? 22. Nous avons apporté de magnifiques soieries, des draps fins, et des chapeaux de Lyon. 23. Avez-vous amené votre fille à pied ou à cheval? 24. Je l'ai amenée en voiture. 25. Vos frères nous ont apporté des livres.

EXERCISE 86.

1. How long did your son live in London? 2. He lived there ten years. 3. How far has the physician gone? 4. The physician has gone as far as Cologne. 5. Has he taken his son with him? 6. He has not taken him. 7. How have you brought your two little girls? 8. I brought one in a carriage, and I carried the other. 9. Is she too little to walk? 10. She is not too small to walk, but she is sick. 11. Have you brought your horse? 12. We have brought two horses. 13. Have you brought the books which you have promised me (promis)? 14. I have forgotten to bring them. 15. Has that lady brought her eldest (aîné) son? 16. She has brought all her children. 17. How did they come? 18. They came in a carriage. 19. Which way did your brother come from Germany? 20. He came by Aix-la-Chapelle and Brussels. 21. Do you intend to take your son to school this afternoon? 22. I do not intend to take him there, it is too cold. 23. Is that child too sick to walk? 24. He is too sick to walk, and I intend to carry him. 25. Why do

you not take him in a carriage? 26. My brother has taken my horse away. 27. Have you brought the physician? 28. I have not brought him, no one is sick at our house. 29. Will you take this book to church? 30. I have another, I do not want it. 31. Have you taken my letter to the post-office? 32. I have forgotten it. 33. How late did you write? 34. I wrote until midnight (minuit) 35. Whence do your sisters come? 36. They come from Paris.

LEÇON XLV.

LESSON XLV.

AUXILIARY AND PARTICIPLE OF REFLECTIVE AND UNIPER

SONAL VERBS.

1. The reflective or pronominal verb always takes être as its aux

iliary [$ 46, (2), 2.]

Votre cousin s'est promené.
Nos amis se sont flattés.

Your cousin has taken a walk.
Our friends have flattered themselves.

2. Although the past participle of a reflective verb be conjugated with être, it agrees with its direct regimen, when that regimen precedes it, and is invariable when the regimen follows it. The student should be careful to see, if the reflective pronoun be a direct, or an indirect regimen [§ 135.]

Vous vous êtes flattées, Mesdemoiselles.

Elles se sont donné la main.

You have flattered yourselves, young ladies.

They have given (to) each other the hand.

It will be easily perceived that se, in the first sentence, is a direct regimen, and that the same word, in the second, represents an indirect object.

3. Verbs essentially unipersonal, i. e., verbs which cannot be conjugated otherwise, take avoir as an auxiliary.

Il a plu, il a neigé, il a gelé.

It rained, it snowed, it froze.

4. Verbs occasionally unipersonal, take être as an auxiliary.

Il lui est arrivé un malheur.

A misfortune has happened to him.

5. Faire [4. ir.] used unipersonally, and y avoir, to be there, take the auxiliary avoir.

A-t-il fait beau temps le mois passé ?
Y a-t-il eu beaucoup de monde ?

Was it fine weather last month?
Were there many people there?

6. The past participle of a unipersonal verb is always invariable [§ 135, (6.)]

Vos enfants se sont-ils appliqués à Did your children apply to study? l'étude?

Ils s'y sont appliqués.

They applied to it.

Nous nous sommes donné de la We gave (to) ourselves trouble.

peine. [$ 135, (1.)]

Quel temps a-t-il fait ce matin ?
N'a-t-il pas fait beau temps?
Quel malheur est-il arrivé?
Vous est-il arrivé quelque chose?
Il ne m'est rien arrivé.

Acier, m. steel;

S'adress-er, 1. ref. to apply (to a person or place);

S'aperc-evoir, 3. ref. to perceive;

S'appliqu-er, 1. to apply (to a thing);

What weather was it this morning?
Was it not fine weather?

What misfortune has happened?
Has any thing happened to you?
Nothing has happened to me.

EXERCISE 87.

S'asse-oir, 3. ir. ref. to Plu, from pleuvoir,rained;
sit down;
Plume, f. pen;

S'ennuy-er, 1. pec. [§ Se port-er, 1. ref. to be
49.] to grow weary; or do ;

Grél-er, 1. pec. to hail; Se tromp-er, 1. ref to be
Hollandais, e, Dutch; mistaken;

Neig-er, 1. pec. to snow; Se serv-ir. 2. ir. ref. to use;
Peine, f. trouble; Se vend-ro, 4. ref. to sell.

1. A qui vos sœurs se sont-elles adressées ? 2. Elles se sont adressées à moi. 3. Ne se sont-elles pas trompées? [L. 38, 1.] 4. Elles se sont trompées. 5. Vous êtes-vous aperçu de votre erreur? 6. Je ne m'en suis pas aperçu. 7. Vous êtes-vous ennuyés à la campagne ? 8. Nous nous y sommes ennuyés. [L. 38, 4.] 9. Ces demoiselles se sont-elles ennuyées chez vous? 10. Elles s'y sont ennuyées. 11. De quoi vous êtes-vous servie pour écrire, mademoiselle? [L. 39, 2.] 12. Je me suis servie d'une plume d'or. 13. Ces écolières ne se sont-elles pas servies de plumes d'acier ? 14. Elles se sont servies de plumes d'argent. 15. La Hollandaise s'est-elle assise? 16. Elle ne s'est point assise. 17. Lui est-il arrivé un malheur? 18. Il ne lui est rien arrivé, elle ne se porte pas très bien. 19. Ne s'est-elle pas donné [§ 135, (1.)] de la peine pour rien?

20. Cette soie ne s'est-elle pas bien vendue? 21. Elle s'est très bien vendue. 22. N'a-t-il pas fait beau temps toute la journée ? 23. Non, monsieur; il a plu,' il a neigé et il a grélé. 24. N'est-il rien arrivé aux deux dames que nous avons vues ce matin? 25. Non, madame; il ne leur est rien arrivé.

EXERCISE 88.

1. Has it rained to-day? 2. It has not rained, but it has hailed and snowed. 3. Has any thing happened to your little boys 4. Nothing has happened to him, but he is sick to-day. 5. Did your sister sit down at your house? 6. She did not sit down, she was sick. 7. Did that cloth sell well? 8. It sold well, we have sold it all. 9. Did you perceive your error (erreur)? 10. We perceived it. 11. Were not your sisters mistaken in this affair? 12. They were not mistaken. 13. Were not your cousins weary of being in the country? 14. They were weary of being at my brother's. 15. What have you used, to write your exercises? 16. I used a gold pen, and my brother used a silver pen. 17. Have you used my penknife (canif)? 18. I have used it. 19. What has happened to you? 20. Nothing has happened to me. 21. Has your mother been well? 22. She has not been well. 23. Did your brothers apply to their studies, at school? 24. They applied to their studies, and have finished their lessons. 25. What weather was it this morning? 26. It was very fine weather. 27. Has your sister taken much trouble in this affair? 28. She has taken much trouble for nothing. 29. Did the Dutch ladies walk? 30. They walked this morning. 31. How far did they walk? 32. They walked as far as your brother's. 33. Did you shake hands? (have you given each other the hand?) 34. We shook hands. 35. Those ladies flattered themselves very much (beaucoup).

LEÇON XLVI.

LESSON XLVI.

THE PASSIVE VERB. (§ 54.)

1. The passive verb is conjugated by adding to the verb être, in all its tenses, the past participle of an active verb. See model, § 54. 2. This participle must agree in gender and number with the subject [§ 134, (2.) L. 42, R. 6.]

This sentence might be written: Il a plu, neigé, et grélé. See Lesson 87, Rule 2.