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Les dames que nous avons vues. Les lettres que nous avons lues.

8. When the régime direct or

The ladies whom we have seen. The letters which we have read.

objective (accusative) follows the

participle, no agreement takes place, [§ 134, (5.)]

Avez-vous vu les dames?

Avons-nous lu les lettres ?

Have you seen the ladies?

Have we read the letters?

9. A past participle never agrees with its régime indirect, or indirect object (dative or ablative), [§ 2, (3.) § 42, (5.)]

The ladies to whom we have spoken.

Les dames à qui nous avons parlé. 10. The past participle used adjectively, that is, without an auxiliary, follows the rule of the adjective, [§ 66, (3.) § 134, (1.)]

Des livres bien imprimés.

Well printed books.

11. The participle, preceded by the relative pronoun en, remains invariable, although the en should relate to a feminine or plural noun, [§ 135, (7.)]

Avez-vous apporté des plumes? J'en ai apporté.

Have you brought pens? I have brought some.

12. The presence of en does not, however, prevent the agreement of the participle, when it is preceded by a direct regimen, [§ 135, (7.)]

Les plumes que j'en ai apportées. The pens which I have brought from it.

RESUME OF EXAMPLES.

Vos sœurs ont-elles écrit ?
Elles n'ont pas encore écrit.
Les lettres que nous avons écrites.
Avez-vous écrit vos lettres ?
Je les ai lues; je les ai écrites.
Les avez-vous apportées?
Je ne les ai pas apportées.
Avez-vous appelé ces dames?
Je ne les ai pas appelées.
Qui avez-vous vu ce matin?
Nous avons vu ces demoiselles.
Nous les avons vues.
Nous ne leur avons pas parlé.
Avez-vous des livres reliés ?
J'ai des livres brochés.

Avez-vous acheté des pommes ?
J'en ai acheté.

Nous en avons acheté.
Nous les en avons persuadés.

Have your sisters written?
They have not yet written.

The letters which we have written.
Have you written your letters?

I have read them; Ihave written them.
Have you brought them?

I have not brought them.
Have you called those ladies?
I have not called them.

Whom have you seen this morning?
We have seen those young ladies.
We have seen them.

We have not spoken to them.
Have you bound books?

I have unbound (stitched, in paper covers,) books.

Have you bought apples?
I have bought some.

We have bought some.

We have persuaded them of it.

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2.

Marchand, m. merchant;
Musique, f. music;
Oubli-er, 1. to forget;
Point, not, a stronger
negative than pas;
Rec-evoir, 3. to receive;
Reli-er, 1. to bind;
Revenus, m. p. income;
Tasse, f cup;

Vu, from voir, 3. ir. seen

1. Nous avez-vous apporté nos habits? Nous ne les avons pas encore apportés. 3. Les avez-vous oubliés? 4. Nous ne les avons pas oubliés, mais nous n'avons pas eu le temps de les apporter. 5. Pourquoi n'avez-vous pas appelé les marchands? 6. Je les ai appelés, mais ils ne m'ont pas entendu. 7. Avez-vous entendu cette musique? 8. Je l'ai entendue. 9. N'avez-vous pas vu les jolies fleurs que j'ai apportées? 10. Je les ai vues; à qui les avez-vous données? 11. Je ne les ai données à personne, je les ai gardées pour vous. 12. Avez-vous bien examiné ces gravures? 13. Je les ai bien examinées. 14. Les avez-vous achetées ? 15. Je ne les ai point achetées. 16. N'avez-vous point reçu vos revenus? 17. Je ne les ai point encore reçus. 18. La domestique a-t-elle cassé ces

tasses? 19. Elle les a cassées. 20. A-t-elle cassé des tasses exprès? 21. Elle n'en a pas cassé exprès. 22. Avez-vous acheté des livres reliés, ou brochés? 23. J'ai acheté des livres reliés. 24. Nous avez-vous dit ces paroles? 25. Nous vous les avons dites, mais vous les avez oubliées. 26. Je n'ai pas oublié votre commission.

EXERCISE 82.

1. Have you seen my cups? 2. I have not yet seen them. 3. Have you brought me my books? 4. I have not forgotten them, I have left them at my brother's. 5. Has your mother called your sisters? 6. She has not called them. 7. Has the servant told you this news? (nouvelle.) 8. She has told me this news. 9. She has told it me. 10. Have you not forgotten my errand? 11. We have not forgotten it, we have forgotten your money. 12. Where have you left your purse? 13. We left it at the merchant's. 14. Have you brought the beautiful (belles) engravings which I saw at your bookseller's? 15. I have not seen them. 16. Has your mother bought them? 17. She has bought books, but she has bought no engravings. 18. Has that little girl broken my cups? 19. She has broken them on purpose. 20. Does that lady receive her income

every month? 21. She receives it every six months. 22. Is the house which you have bought large? 23. I have bought no house. 24. Did you receive a letter from your father yesterday? 25. I rereceived a letter from him, four days ago. 26. Have you spoken to those ladies? 27. I have spoken to them. 28. Have you given them flowers? 29. I have given them some (en). which you have bought bound? 31. No, sir; covers. 32. Have you examined that house? amined it. 34. Your brother (en) has examined several (plusieurs),

30. Are the books they are in paper 33. I have not ex

LEÇON XLIII.

LESSON XLIII.

USE OF THE AUXILIARIES (§ 46).

1. The active verb, [§ 43, (2.) (3.)] that is, the verb which has or may have a direct regimen or object, always takes avoir as its auxiliary [(§ 46, (1.)]

Nous avons écrit à notre banquier. We have written to our banker.

2. Most neuter verbs,1 i. e., verbs which cannot have a direct object, take also the auxiliary avoir.

Nous avons couru, marché, parlé. We have run, walked, spoken.

3. The compound tenses of a few neuter verbs are, however, conjugated with être: aller, to go; arriver, to arrive; entrer, to enter, to go in; rentrer, to go in again; tomber, to fall; décéder, mourir, to die; naître, to be born; partir, to start; venir, to come; parvenir, to succeed; devenir, to become; revenir, to return.

A quelle heure êtes-vous venu?
Je suis né en France.

At what hour did you come?
I was born in France.

4. A few neuter verbs [see list § 46, (3.)] take avoir, when they express action, and être, when they express situation.

Votre frère a-t-il sorti ce matin ?

Votre frère est-il sorti ?

Has your brother gone out this morn ing? i. e.. Has he been out?

Has your brother gone out? i. e., Is he out now?

5. The past indefinite of the verb être [4. ir.] (J'ai été, &c.) is

"There are in French," says Girault Duvivier, "about 600 neuter verbs; and of these upwards of 550 take avoir."

2 Observe that when the person spoken of, is living, the French use the present and not the past of the auxiliary, with the past participle of naître, to be born: Cette dame est née en Angleterre. That lady (is) was born in England. Mon frère est né en France. My brother (is) was born in France.

used instead of the past indefinite of aller (Je suis allé); when speaking of a place where one has been.

Le médecin a été à Paris.

The physician has been at Paris.

J'ai été à l'église ce matin.

I went to church this morning.

6. When, however, we are still in a given place, or on the road towards it, the expression, Je suis allé, &c., is used.

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Bijouterie, f. jewelry ;
Chapelier, m. hatter;
Été, (from être, 4. ir.)
been;
Espagne, f. Spain;
Horloger, m. watch-ma-
ker;

The physician has gone to London.
Your sister has gone to church.

EXAMPLES.

Did you go to the ball last evening?
We did not go.

Whither did that young lady go?
She went to her brother's, and to our
house.

Where is your sister gone this morn-
ing?

She has gone to her cousin.
Did you not go out to-day?
I have not yet been out.
Where is the general?

I do not know, sir, he has gone out.
Where was that gentleman born?
He was born in Paris or Lyons.
Did your niece go to see her brother?

She went to see him yesterday (and
is back).

She went to see him yesterday (and is not back).

EXERCISE 83.
Maçon, m. mason;
Magasin, m. warehouse;
Malade, sick;
Marchandise, f. merchan-
dise;

Orfèvre, m. goldsmith;
Part-ir, 2. ir. to set out;
Retourn-er, 1. to return;

Sort-ir. 2. ir. to go out;

Né, (from Naître, 4. ir.) Venu, (from venir, 2. ir.) to be born;

come.

1. A quelle heure votre sœur est-elle venue? 2. Elle est venue à huit heures moins un quart. 3. Ces demoiselles sont-elles nées à Rouen, ou à Caen? 4. Elles ne sont nées ni à Rouen ni à Caen, elles sont nées à Strasbourg. 5. L'horloger est-il chez lui? 6. Non, monsieur; il est allé à son magasin. 7. A-t-il été à Paris cetto année ? 8. Oui, madame; il y a été. 9. Y a-t-il acheté des marchandises? 10. Il y a acheté de la bijouterie. 11. Avez-vous été trouver mon père? 12. J'ai été le trouver. 13. Votre chapelier a-t-il sorti aujourd'hui ? 14. Il n'a pas sorti, il est malade. 15. Le maçon est-il

à la maison ? 16. Non, madame; il est sorti. 17. Quand est-il sorti? 18. Il est sorti il y a une heure. 19. Votre chapelier est-il arrivé aujourd'hui, ou hier? 20. Il est arrivé hier, à quatre heures du matin. 21. Notre tailleur a-t-il été voir son père aujourd'hui ? 22. Il est parti pour Lyon. 23. L'orfèvre de mon cousin n'est-il pas parti pour l'Espagne ? 24. Non, monsieur; il est retourné en Allemagne. 25. Ma sœur a été à l'église ce matin, et elle est allée à l'école, il y a une demi-heure.

EXERCISE 84.

1. Is the physician at home? 2. No, sir; he is not at home; he is out. 3. Have you been out this morning? 4. No, sir; I have not been out; I am sick. 5. Is your sister's little girl out? 6. Yes, sir; she is out, she is at my brother's. 7. At what hour did the hatter arrive? 8. He arrived last evening at nine. 9. Did the jeweller go to Paris, or to Lyons this year? 10. He went to Paris six months ago, but he is back (de retour). 11. Did you go to my brother, or to my sister? 12. I have not had time to go to them. 13. Where was that gentleman born? 14. He was born in England, in Exeter, or in Portsmouth. 15. Was not your sister born in Paris? 16. No, sir; she was born in Madrid, in Spain. 17. Did you tell me that your brother has bought a good house? 18. He has bought a very good house in, London. 19. Do you know at what time the watchmaker arrived? 20. He arrived this morning, at a quarter before five. 21. Has he brought much jewelry? 22. He has not brought much jewelry, but he has brought many watches (montre, f.) 23. Has he been in France, or in Germany? 24. He has been in France, in Germany, and in Switzerland (Suisse). 25. Is your sister in (à la maison), sir? 26. No, sir; she is out, she has gone to church. 27. Did she go to school yesterday? 28. She went to school, and to church. 29. Is she there now? 30. No sir; she is back. 31. Has the hatter arrived? 32. Yes, sir; he has arrived. 33. When did he arrive? 34. He arrived yesterday, at nine o'clock in the morning.

LEÇON XLIV.

LESSON XLIV.

MENER, PORTER, AMENER, APPORTER, ETC.

1. Combien de temps corresponds with the English expression how long.

Combien de temps avez-vous de- How long did you live in Italy? meuré en Italie ?

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