reside, followed by the name of a part of the earth, a country, or

7. The preposition à is used for the words at or to, in or into, before the name of a town, city, or village, preceded by the verbs mentioned above.

8. The same preposition is used in the expressions à la campagne, à la ville,1 à la chasse, à la pêche, au marché, etc.

9. INDICATIVE PRESENT OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS,

J'écris, I write, do write, Je lis, I read, do read, or

RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES.

Voila la demoiselle dont vous parlez. There is the young lady of whom you

1Être à la ville, to be, or rather, to Être dans la ville, to be within the city. home, to be in the city.

Associé, m. partner;
Canif, m. penknife;
Campagne, f. country;
Chasse, f. hunting;
Commis, m. clerk,

EXERCISE 65.

Fort, very;
Pêche, f. fishing;
Prusse, f. Prussia;
Rapidement, rapidly;
Rend-re, 4. to return;

Suisse, f. Switzerland;

Terre, f. farm, estate;
Ville, f. town, city;
Vîte, quickly;
Voyage, m. journey.

1. Écrivez-vous encore la même leçon ? 2. Je n'écris plus la même, j'en écris une autre. 3. Votre commis écrit-il rapidement ? 4. Il écrit fort bien, mais il n'écrit pas vîte. 5. N'avez-vous pas assez d'argent pour acheter cette terre? 6. J'ai assez d'argent, mais j'ai l'intention de faire un voyage en France. 7. Voilà votre livre, en avez-vous besoin? 8. Je n'en ai pas besoin, j'en ai un autre. 9. Avezvous encore besoin de mon canif? 10. Je n'en ai plus besoin, je vais vous le rendre. 11. Notre cousin demeure-t-il à la ville? 12. Il ne demeure plus à la ville, il demeure à la campagne. 13. Aime-t-il à aller à la chasse? 14. Il n'aime pas à aller à la chasse. 15. Il va tous les jours à la pêche. 16. Notre associé est-il à Paris, ou à Rouen? 16. Il est à Marseille. 18. Où avez-vous l'intention de conduire votre fils? 19. Je vais le conduire en Italie. 20. Demeurezvous à Milan, ou à Florence? 21. Je ne demeure ni à Milan ni à Florence, je demeure à Turin. 22, Votre ami demeure-t-il en Suisse ? 23. Il ne demeure plus en Suisse, il demeure en Prusse. 24. Votre domestique est-il à l'église? 25. Non, monsieur; il est à l'école.

EXERCISE 66.

1. Does your clerk write as well as your son? 2. He writes tolerably well, but not as well as my son. 3. Have you books enough in your library? 4. I have not books enough, but I intend to buy some more. 5. Here is your sister's letter, will you read it? 6. I intend to read it. 7. Does your son like to go fishing? 8. He likes to go fishing and hunting. 9. When does he like to go fishing? 10. When I am in the country. 11. What do you do, when you are in the city? 12. When I am in the city, I read and learn my lesson. 13. Do you intend to go to France this year? 14. I intend to go to Germany. 15. Will you go to the city, if it (s'il) rains? 16. When it rains, I always remain at home. [R. 1.] 17. How many friends have you in the city? 18. I have many friends there. 19. Are there many English in France? 20. There are many English in France, and in Italy (Italie). 21. Are there more English in Germany than in Italy? 22. There are more English in Italy than in Germany. 23. Is it fine weather in Italy? 26. It is very fine weather there. 25. Does it often freeze there? 26. It freezes sometimes

there, but not often. 27. Does that young lady read as well as her sister? 28. She reads better than her sister, but her sister reads better than I. 29. Is there any one at your house? 30. My father is at home. 31. Is your brother-in-law absent? 32. My brotherin-law is at your house. 33. There is no one at home to-day.

LEÇON XXXV.

LESSON XXXV.

ON, AVOIR LIEU, DEVOIR, ETC.

1. The indefinite pronoun on has no exact equivalent in English. It may be rendered by one, we, they, people, etc., according to the On has, of course, no antecedent, and seldom refers to a particular person, [§ 41, (4.) (5.) § 113.]

context.

On doit honorer la vertu.

On nous apporte de l'argent.

We should honor virtue.
Money is brought to us.

2. As may be seen in the last example, on is often the nominative of an active verb, which is best rendered in English by the passive, [§ 113, (1.)]

On dit que votre épouse est ici.

On raconte des histoires singulières.
On récolte beaucoup de blé en
France.

It is said that your wife is here.
Singular histories are related.
Much wheat is harvested (grown) in
France.

3. Avoir lieu answers to the English expression, to take place.

Cela a lieu tous les jours.

That takes place every day.

4. Au lieu de answers to the English, instead of. The verb which follows it must, according to Rule 2, Lesson 21, be put in the infinitive.

Au lieu d'étudier, il joue.

Instead of studying, he plays.

5. Devoir, to owe, is used before an infinitive, like the English verb, to be, to express obligation.

Je dois lui écrire demain.

Nous devons y aller demain.

6. Recevoir des nouvelles, means,

Devez-vous recevoir des nouvelles

de votre sœur?

I am to write to him to-morrow. We are to go there to-morrow. to hear from.

Are you to hear from your sister?

7. Entendre parler, answers to the English phrase, to hear of or about.

Entendez-vous souvent parler de Do you often hear of your friends? vos amis ?

RESUME OF EXAMPLES.

Que dit-on de nous dans la ville?
On ne parle pas de vous.
Ne mange-t-on pas tous les jours?
On mange quand on a faim.
Ou trouve de l'or en Californie.
Dit-on quelque chose de nouveau ?
On ne dit rien de nouveau.
A-t-on reçu des nouvelles de George?

On n'a point entendu parler de lui.
On n'a point reçu de ses nouvelles.
Devez-vous écrire à notre ami?
Je dois lui écrire demain.

Le concert doit-il avoir lieu ce soir?
Il doit avoir lieu ce matin.

Je viens au lieu de mon frère.
Il danse au lieu de marcher.

Afrique, f. Africa;
Alger, Algiers;
Apport-er, 1. to bring;
Demain, to-morrow;
Diamant, m. diamond;

What do they say of us in the city?
People do not speak of you.
Do not people eat every day?
People eat when they are hungry.
Gold is found in California.
Do they (people) say any thing new?
Nothing new is said.

Has any thing been heard from
George?

Nothing has been heard of him.
They have not heard from him.
Are you to write to our friend?
I am to write to him to-morrow.
Is the concert to take place this evening?
It is to take place this morning.
I come instead of my brother.
He dances instead of walking.

EXERCISE 67.

Fourn-ir, 2. to furnish;
Habits, m. p. clothes;
Malade, sick;

Mois, m. month;
Or, m. gold;

Part-ir, 2. ir. to depart, to
set out, to leave;

Prochain, e, next;
Sav-oir, 3. ir. to know;
Voyage, m. journey.

1. Vous apporte-t-on de l'argent tous les jours? 2. On ne m'en apporte pas tous les jours. 3. Vous fournit-on des habits quand vous en avez besoin? [L. 22.] 4. On m'en fournit toutes les fois (every time) que j'en ai besoin. 5. A-t-on besoin d'argent quand on est malade? 6. Quand on est malade, on en a grand besoin. 7. Avez-vous reçu des nouvelles de mon fils? 8. Je n'ai point reçu de ses nouvelles. 9. Ne dit-on pas qu'il est en Afrique? 10. On dit qu'il doit partir pour Alger. 11. Quand doit-il commencer son voyage? 12. On dit qu'il doit le commencer le mois prochain. 13. Ce mariage a-t-il lieu aujourd'hui ou demain? 14. On nous dit qu'il doit avoir lieu cette après-midi. 15. Il doit avoir lieu à cinq heures et demie. 16. Avez-vous envie de venir au lieu de votre frère? 17. Mon frère doit venir au lieu de notre cousin. 18. Avez-vous l'intention de lui dire ce qu'il doit faire? 19. Il sait ce qu'il doit faire. 20. Savez-vous ce qu'on dit de nouveau? 21. On ne dit rien de nouveau. 22. Trouve-t-on beaucoup d'or en Californie? 23. On y en trouve beaucoup. 24. Y trouve-t-on aussi des diamants? 25. On n'y en trouve point, on n'y trouve que de l'or.

EXERCISE 68.

1. What do people say of me? 2. People say that you are not very attentive to your lessons. 3. Is it said that much gold is found in

Africa? 4. It is said that much gold is found in California. 5. Do they bring you books every day? 6. Books are brought to me [R. 2] every day, but I have no time to read them. 7. What should one do (doit-on faire) when one is sick? 8. One should send for a physician. 9. Do you send for my brother? 10. I am to send for him this morning. 11. Do you hear from your son every day? 12. I hear from him every time that your brother comes. 13. Does the sale (vente, f.) take place to-day? 14. It takes place this afternoon. 15. At what time (heure) does it take place? 16. It takes place at half after three. 17. I have a wish to go there, but my brother is sick. 18. What am I to do? 19. You are to write to your brother, who, it is said (dit on), is very sick. 20. Is he to leave for Africa? 21. He is to leave for Algiers. 22. Do you come instead of your father? 23. I am to write instead of him. 24. Does the concert take place this morning? 25. It is to take place this afternoon. 26. Do you know at what hour? 27. At a quarter before five. 28. Is your brother coming? 29. My brother is not coming, he has no time. 30. Are you angry with your brother? 31. I am not angry with him. 32. Is there any thing new? (Is any thing new said?) 33. There is nothing new. 34. What is said of him? 35. Nothing is said of him.

LEÇON XXXVI.

LESSON XXXVI.

REFLECTIVE VERBS.—[§ 43, (6.) § 56].

1. A verb is called reflective or pronominal, when it is conjugated with two pronouns of the same person, i. e., the usual nominative pronoun, and the pronouns me, te, se, etc. [§ 56.] In these verbs, the subject is represented as acting upon itself.

Je m'applique à l'étude.

Je me propose de voyager.

In these verbs, the second

I apply (myself) to study.

I propose to (myself) to travel, i. e., it is my intention to travel.

pronoun is in fact only the objective pronoun direct or indirect, which, according to Rules 1 and 2, Lesson 27, is placed before the verb.

2. The reflective form of the verb, which is much more frequently used in French than in English, often answers to the passive form so common in the latter language.

Cela se voit tous les jours.

Cette marchandise se vend facile.

ment.

Cela se fait ainsi.

That is seen every day-literally,
That sees itself every day.
That merchandise is easily sold.
That merchandise sells itself easily.
That is done thus.

That does itself so.