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Episcopal pastor, Gay; the liberal Catholic, Perfetti; the Re formed, Jules Bonnet; and from three Lutheran pastors, Baurath, Else, and Roenneke. Among the recent articles the most valuable are of a historical character. Some of them furnish exceedingly interesting sketches, based on newly explored archives, of the progress which the Reformation had once made, and of the cruel measures by which it was arrested in fire and blood. We wish this "Rivista" a long life.

Die Christliche Kirche an Uebergang. Von Dr. C. BURK. Stuttgart, 1877. Verlag der Evang. Gesells.

Twelve lectures on the transition of the Church from the Gre co-Roman to the Germanic age. Dr. Burk writes in popular animated style, and is thoroughly in earnest. His lectures are livelypictures of great Church movements. First, he sketches the relation of the Church to the world, then the peculiarities of the early Christian life, then the struggle against heresy, then Church usages, then Christian literature and the style of preaching; and lastly he depicts the conversion of the various western nations and the origin of the great national Churches-the French, the German, and the Anglo-Saxon. It is certainly a good sign that German prelates prepare such lectures, and that the German public flock to hear them.

Alcuin und Sein Jahrhundert. Von Dr. KARL WERNER. Paderborn, 1876. F. Schoeningh.

Thanks to the patient scholar who delves in the moth-eaten past, and restores to us animate pictures of buried centuries. Dr. Werner has done the public a good service. His theme is a magnificent one: the Age of Alcuin is the Age of Charlemagne. We have carefully read the book. It is a good one. It shows us the great Kaiser and the humble Priest joining hands to rescue Europe from the impending night of savagery and ignorance. We are let into their innermost thoughts, their little foibles and their great and good aims. We read their most private letters. We see their sincere concern for the Church of God. Romish as this

Church was, it was about the only visible ark of God among men. It, or nothing, could save the nations against the stupendous clouds of blackness which threatened from every horizon. How the great Karl tried to stir up dying literature to fresh life! How the patient, laborious priest toiled to awaken the clergy to a higher sense of their sacred duties! We have only commendation for this work of Karl Werner.

Miscellaneous.

English Synonyms Explained in Alphabetical Order. With Copious Illustrations and Examples drawn from the Best Writers. To which is now added an Index to the Words. By GEORGE CRABE, A.M. 8vo., pp. 856. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1879.

A republication of an old standard work.

ENGLISH MEN OF LETTERS. Edited by JOHN MORLEY.-Daniel Defoe. By WILL IAM MINTO. 12mo., pp. 167.-Oliver Goldsmith. By WILLIAM BLACK. 12mo., pp. 152.-Samuel Johnson: His Words and His Ways. Edited by E. T. Mason. 12mo., pp. 319. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1879.

Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1876. 8vo., pp. 942. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1878.

A Selection of Spiritual Songs, with Music for the Church and the Choir. Selected and arranged by Rev. CHARLES S. ROBINSON, D.D. 8vo., pp. 441. New York: Scribner & Co.

Coronation Hymns and Songs: For Praise and Prayer-meetings, Home and Social Singing. CHARLES F. DEEMS, D.D., LL.D., and THEODORE E. PERKINS, Editors. Pp. 148. New York; Chicago and New Orleans: A. S. Barnes & Co. 1878.

Voices from Babylon; or, The Records of Daniel the Prophet. By JOSEPH A. LEWIS, D.D. 12mo., pp. 391. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates.

A scholarly and eloquent work, maintaining the authenticity of Daniel, furnishing an exposition of his visions, and favoring premillennial conclusions.

Jesus of Nazareth. By Rev. WILLIAM PATTON, D.D. 16mo., pp. 320. New York: Robert Carter & Brothers. 1879.

Evangelical Rationalism; or, A Consideration of Truths Practically Related to Man's Probation. By LOREN L. KNOX, D.D. 16mo., pp. 250. Cincinnati: Hitchcock & Walden. New York: Phillips & Hunt. 1879.

Dr. Knox is a clear and reflective thinker, striking out his own paths of thought. His unpretending volume is worthy the perusal of Christian inquirers.

An Introduction to the Greek of the New Testament. By GEORGE L. CARY. 12mo.,
pp. 66. Andover: Warren F. Draper. 1879.
A very convenient manual for students who do not intend a classi-
cal course, but desire an initiation into New Testament Greek.
Camp-meetings: Their Origin, History, and Utility. Also, Their Perversion, and
How to Correct It. Embracing a Careful Review of the Sabbath Question. By
S. C. SWALLOW. 16mo., pp. 68. New York: Phillips & Hunt; Cincinnati:
Hitchcock & Walden.

1879.

What shall I Read? A Confidential Chat on Books. 16mo., pp. 186. New York: Phillips & Hunt; Cincinnati: Hitchcock & Walden. 1879.

16mo., pp.

The Live Boy; or, Charley's Letters. By EDWIN A. JOHNSON, D.D. 224. New York: Phillips & Hunt; Cincinnati: Hitchcock and Walden. 1878. The Thirty Years' War. By CHARLES K. TRUE, D.D. 16mo., pp. 211. Cincinnati: Hitchcock & Walden; New York: Phillips & Hunt. 1879.

Wells of Baca; or, Solaces of the Christian Mourner, and Other Thoughts on Bereavement. By J. R. MACDUFF, D.D. 24mo., pp. 119. New York: Robert Carter & Brothers. 1879.

The Berean Question Book. (International Series.) For 1879. Square 16mo., pp. 132. New York: Phillips & Hunt; Cincinnati: Hitchcock & Walden. 1879. Stories from Herodotus and the Seventh Book of the History. With English Notes. By ROBERT P. KEEP, Ph.D. 16mo., pp. 338. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1879.

M. Tullii Ciceronis de Natura Deorum, de Divinatione, de Fato. Recognovit REINHOLDUS KLOTZ. 18mo., pp. 270. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1879. Shakspeare's Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Edited, with Notes, by WILLIAM J. ROLFE, A. M. With Engravings. Square 16mo., pp. 222. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1879.

A Brief Sketch of the Efforts of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, to Promote the Civilization and Improvement of the Indians, etc. In paper, 8vo., pp. 56. Philadelphia: Friends' Book Store.

1879.

Eleventh Annual Report of the Freedmen's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church for 1878. Pp. 64.

The Methodist Almanac. 1879. Edited by W. H. DE PUY, D.D. 16mo., pp. 64. New York: Phillips & Hunt.

Memorial Days of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. Pp. 48. New York: Phillips & Hunt; Cincinnati: Hitchcock & Walden. 1878.

Apples of Gold in Pictures of Silver; or, The General Rules of the Methodist Epis copal Church, etc. By Rev. C. W. MILLEN. 16mo., pp. 36. New York: Phillips & Hunt; Cincinnati: Hitchcock & Walden.

Proceedings of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, at the Annual Meeting,
Jan. 1, 1879. In paper, 8vo., pp. 45. Boston: The Society's House.
The Expositor. March, 1879. Edited by the Rev. SAMUEL COX. Contents: 1. The
Letter and the Spirit; by Rev. R. E. Bartlett, M. A. 2. Studies in the Life of
Christ: XII-The Later Miracles; by Rev. Principal A. M. Fairbairn, D.D.
3. Various Readings in the Epistle to the Romans; by Rev. Canon Farrar, D.D.
4. The Atonement-An Illustration. By S. E. C. T. London: Hodder &
Stoughton.

Lectures on Astronomy and Kindred Subjects. Based on the Eclectic Theory, etc. By B. T. KAVANAUGH, M.D., D.D. In paper, 8vo., pp. 63. Ciucinnati: Printed by Hitchcock & Walden for the Author. 1878.

Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine. Feb., 1879. Rochester, N. Y.

Captain Nelson. A Romance of Colonial Days. By SAMUEL ADAMS DRAKE. New
York: Harper and Brothers. 1879.

HARPER'S HALF-HOUR SERIES, 32mo. English Literature Primers: Modern Pe
riod. By EUGENE LAWRENCE.-Modern France. By GEORGE M. TOWLE.-A
Primer of Spanish Literature. By HELEN S. CONANT.-The Poems of Oliver
Goldsmith. She Stoops to Conquer, and The Good-Natured Man, Comedies. By
OLIVER GOLDSMITH.-The Vicar of Wakefield. By OLIVER GOLDSMITH.-The
Adventures of Ulysses. By CHARLES LAMB.-Afghanistan. By A. G. CONSTABLE.
—Sir Roger de Coverly. From The Spectator. With Notes by W. HENRY WILLS.
-John; or, Our Chinese Relations. By THOMAS W. KNOX.-The Awakening.
By KATHARINE S. MACQUOID. New York: Harper & Brothers.
FRANKLIN SQUARE LIBRARY: Through Asiatic Turkey, etc. By GRATTAN GEARY.
-Journal of the Plague in London. By DANIEL DEFOE.-The Irish Bar, etc.
By J. RODERICK O'FLANAGAN.-Within Sound of the Sea. By the Author of
Isentle."-All or Nothing. By Mrs. F. CASHEL HOEY.- Vixen: By Miss M. E.
BRADDON.-A True Marriage. By EMILY SPENDER.-Man and Wife. By WIL-
KIE COLLINS.-The Bubble Reputation. By KATHERINE KING.-The Grahams of
Invermoy. By M. C. STIRLING.-Auld Lang Syne. By the Author of "The
Wreck of the Grosvenor."-The Last of her Line. By the Author of "St.
Olave's," etc. New York: Harper & Brothers.

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METHODIST

QUARTERLY REVIEW.

JULY, 1879.

ART. I.-ARMINIANISM AND ARMINIUS.* ARMINIANISM, as the customary antithesis to Calvinism, is, within the limits of the evangelical doctrines, the theology that tends to freedom in opposition to the theology of necessity, or absolutism. This contrast rises into thought among all nations that attain to reflection and philosophy. So in Greek and Roman thinking, Stoicism and all materialistic atheism held that mind, will, is subject to just as fixed laws in its volitions as physical events are in their successions. When, however, men like Plato and Cicero rose to a more transcendent sense of moral responsibility, especially of eternal responsibility, they came to say, like Cicero, "Those who maintain an eternal series of causes despoil the mind of man of free-will, and bind it in the necessity of fate."

Theistic fatalism, or Predestination, consists in the predetermination of the Divine Will, which, determining alike the volitions of the will and the succession of physical events, reduces both to a like unfreedom; but those who hold Predestination. very uniformly hold also to volitional necessity, or the subjection of will in its action to the control of strongest motive force. And as the Divine Will is held subject to the same law, so Necessity, as master of God, man, and the universe, becomes a universal and absolute Fate. This doctrine, installed by

The above article is here inserted from "Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia," by courtesy of the proprietor of that work, A. J. Johnson, Esq. FOURTH SERIES, VOL. XXXI.-27

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in

Saint Augustine, and still more absolutely by John Calvin, Christian theology, is from them called Augustinianism, or, more usually, Calvinism.

In opposition to this theology, Arminianism maintains that in order to true responsibility, guilt, penalty, especially eternal penalty, there must be in the agent a free-will; and in a true responsible free-will the freedom must consist in the power, even in the same circumstances and under the same motives, of choosing either way. No man can justly be eternally damned, according to Arminianism, for a choice or action which he cannot help. If fixed by Divine decree or volitional necessity to the particular act, he cannot be held responsible or justly punished. In all such statements, however, it is presupposed, in order to a just responsibility, that the agent has not responsibly abdicated or destroyed his own power. No agent can plead in bar of responsibility any incapacity which he has freely and willfully brought upon himself. It is also to be admitted that there may be suffering which is not penalty -finite sufferings for which there are compensations, and for which every one would take his chance for the sake of life. But eternal suffering, for which there is no compensation, inflicted as a judicial penalty on the basis of justice, can be justly inflicted only for avoidable sin. If Divine decree or volitional necessity determine the act, it is irresponsible, and judicial penalty is unjust.

Arminianism also holds that none but the person who freely commits the sin can be guilty of that sin. One person cannot be guilty of another person's sin. A tempter may be guilty of tempting another to sin, but then one is guilty of the sin, and the other of solely the sin of temptation. There can thus be no vicarious guilt: and as punishment, taken strictly, can be only infliction for guilt upon the guilty, there can literally and strictly be no vicarious punishment. If innocent Damon die for Pythias guilty of murder, Damon is not guilty because he takes Pythias' place in dying, and his death is not to him a punishment, but a suffering, which is a substitute for another man's punishment. The doer of sin is solely the sinner, the guilty, or the punished. These preliminary statements will elucidate the issues between Calvinism and Arminianism on the following points:

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