leafless by the frosts of autumn, Penn proclaimed to the men of the Algonquin race, from both banks of the Delaware, from the borders of the Schuylkill, and, it may have been, even from the Susquehannah, the same simple message of peace and love which George Fox had professed before Cromwell, and Mary Fisher had borne to the Grand Turk. The English and the Indian should respect the same moral law, should be alike secure in their pursuits and their possessions, and adjust every difference by a peaceful tribunal, composed of an equal number of men from each race. "We meet," such were the words of William Penn, "on the broad pathway of good faith and good will; no advantage shall be taken on either side, but all shall be openness and love. I will not call you children; for parents sometimes chide their children too severely; nor brothers only; for brothers differ. The friendship between me and you I will not compare to a chain; for that the rains might rust, or the falling tree might break. We are the same as if one man's body were to be divided into two parts; we are all one flesh and blood." The children of the forest were touched by the sacred doctrine, and renounced their guile and their revenge. They received the presents of Penn in sincerity; and with hearty friendship they gave the belt of wampum. BANCROFT, GEORGE, 1834-38, History of the United States, ch. xvi.

To William Penn belongs the distinction, destined to brighten as men advance in virtue, of first in human history establishing the Law of Love as a rule of conduct in the intercourse of nations.-SUMNER, CHARLES, 1850, The True Grandeur of Nations, Orations and Speeches, vol. 1, p. 114.

Controversy has now quite ceased to busy itself about his noble character, and his life of splendid unostentatious beneficence. His name, which without his consent and against his wishes was made part of the name of the State which he founded, will be remembered in connection with its history while the Delaware and the Schuylkill flow. Of his famous treaty with the Indians nothing perhaps was ever better said than the comment of Voltaire, that it was the only league between savages and white men which was never sworn to and never broken. MCCARTHY, JUSTIN, 1884, A History of the Four Georges, vol. 1, p. 235.

GENERAL

Especially of late some of them (the Quakers) have made nearer advances towards Christianity than ever before; and among them the ingenious Mr. Penn has of late refined some of their gross notions, and brought them into some form, and has made them speak sense and English, of both which George Fox, their first and great apostle, was totally ignorant.— LESLIE, CHARLES, 1698, The Snake in the Grass, Introduction to Third ed.

The Life of William Penn, the settler of Pennsylvania, the founder of Philadelphia, and one of the first lawgivers in the Colonies, now United States, in 1682, containing also his celebrated Treaty with the Indians, his purchase of their country; valuable anecdotes of Admiral Penn, also King Charles II., James II., King William and Queen Anne, in whose reigns William Penn lived; curious circumstances that led him to become a Quaker, with a view of the admirable traits in the character of the people called Friends or Quakers, who have done so much to meliorate the condition of suffering humanity. — WEEMS, MASON L., 1829, Title Page.

Penn however is worthy of a place in every theological collection.-DIBDIN, THOMAS FROGNALL, 1824, The Library Companion, p. 56.

It is doubtful whether any other work ["Reflections"] of the size can be found, containing so much sound, practical wisdom. CLEVELAND, CHARLES D., 1848, A Compendium of English Literature, p. 370.

"No Cross, no Crown is a serious cross to me," said Admiral Penn on reading this unworldly book. "No Cross, no Crown" arose out of the writer's own position. He was suffering for opinion: he was suffering at the hands of men who professed to be the servants of God. He wished to present clearly to his own mind and to impress upon others the great Christian doctrine that every man must bear the cross who hopes to wear the crown. To this end he reviewed the character of the age. He showed how corrupt was the laity, how proud and self-willed were the priests.-DIXON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH, 1851-72, History of William Penn, p. 81.

Neither Penn nor Barclay has any special grace or vigour of style. Penn is lively

and pointed, Barclay grave and argumentative. MINTO, WILLIAM, 1872-80, Manual of English Prose Literature, p. 335.

William Penn possessed in full measure the culture of his century, and was himself a zealous writer, always full of his object. His abstractions remind one sometimes of Hobbes: his arguments of Sidney and Sidney's historical learning; like Harrington he loves to analyse and weigh the interests on which states appear to rest. But all requires a special character and vigour from the special end which he pursues, namely, the emancipation of his sect from all oppression. RANKE, LEOPOLD VON, 1875, A History of England, vol. Iv, p. 316.

The plain recital of his doings is his best eulogy. BRUCHHAUSEN, CASPAR, 1877, Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature, ed. M'Clintock and Strong, vol. VII, p. 898.

His character is a curious mingling of dissimilar qualities. He was at once a saint and a courtier, a religious fanatic and a shrewd man of affairs and of the

world. With the controversies awakened by Macaulay's sweeping charges we have here nothing to do. Penn appears in American history simply as the wise founder of a state, the prudent and just magistrate, the liberal-minded law-giver and ruler.-LODGE, HENRY CABOT, 1881, A Short History of the English Colonies in America, p. 211.

As an author, Penn appears as a defender of the views of Fox and Barclay, a writer of sententious ethical precepts, an opponent of judicial oaths, an advocate of a Congress of Nations for the settlement of international disputes, and a champion of complete and universal religious liberty. Many of his books and pamphlets were translated into German, French, Dutch and Welsh.-MANN, W. J., 1883, Schaff-Herzog Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge, vol. III, p. 1789.

It [No Cross, No Crown"] is an earnest, sometimes eloquent, exposition of the duty of self-denial as the chief requisite for salvation, denouncing all lip service. and ceremonialism. The style is grave and uniform. It is perhaps somewhat ponderously earnest, and lacks the refreshing humour and imagery of some of his contemporary theologians. It is always

clear, though the effect is sometimes. spoilt by too much amplification. A fair amount of learning and culture is shown without pedantry.-FITZROY, A. I., 1894, English Prose, ed. Craik, vol. IH, p. 333.

His piety was profound; and though he had little or no interest in humane

learning for its own sake, his knowledge of the Christian and prechristian mystics was considerable, and enabled him to give to the doctrine of the "light within" a certain philosophical breadth. His style is clear and nervous, and his theological polemics, though for the most part occupied with questions of ephemeral importance, evince no small controversial power.-RIGG, J. M., 1895, Dictionary of National Biography, vol. XLIV, p. 317.

The

Penn himself during his residence in the colony wrote nothing except letters; these, however, are pleasant reading, something of the large, calm beauty of his spirit passing into his style. long letter written in 1683 to the Free Society of Traders contains an interesting description of the Indians, whose friendship Penn so well knew how to win.BRONSON, WALTER C., 1900. A Short History of American Literature, p. 40.

also so effectually do. He had not merely Penn had done what George Fox could endured his imprisonment with a spirit that won the respect both of his followers and his enemies, but he had made the imprisonment a means of advancing the cause he had at heart, of making it known to the world in a way that would arouse enthusiasm. He had stated more fully and completely than had yet been done the fundamental doctrines of his faith in his two pamphlets, "The Sandy Foundation" and "Innocency with her Open Face;" and these two pamphlets, the one that imprisoned him and the one that released him, are to this day the authorities used to prove the original doctrines of the Quakers. When we add to these two pamphlets his book, "No Cross, No Crown," which has also a permanent value, we have Penn's three most important works; and it was a good deal to be accomplished within a twelvemonth by a young man of only twenty-four, who had spent most of that time locked up in the Tower.-FISHER, SYDNEY GEORGE, 1900, The True William Penn, p. 136.