Bútan þære wíc-stówe outside the camp.

Bútan ælcum an-ginne without any beginning.

Bútan wífum and cildum besides women & children. Be-twynan þám twam mynstrum (4) between the

two monasteries.

Tó-middes þám wæterum amid the waters.

On-middan þám treowe in the midst of the tree.
Binnan þám ge-telde within the tent.

Æt-foran his prym-setle before his glory-seat.
Tó-weard þám háligdóme(5) toward the sanctuary,
Tó-eácan pám fodre over and above the fodder.
Tó sometimes has a genitive; as,

Tó middes dæges at mid-day: likewise in several compound prepositions above and below.

And-lang along (like G. ent-lang) governs the geni- . tive; as,

And-lang þæs wéstenes along the desert.

The following govern the accusative or dative; the former usually, as in Latin, &c., when motion to, the latter when motion from, or rest in, a place, is signified: but this rule is not strictly followed in A. S.

fore (9) before

be-foran S

on on, in, into

in in, into

on-bútan about, around (on-)ge-mang a-mong

(4) Hence minster; G. münster; all from L. monasterium.

(5) Hence O. halidom: "by my halidom!"

(6) Comp. ρо, L. pro, G. (be-)vor; G. an; iv, L. and G. in; vñɛρ,

L. super, G. über, D. over; G. unter, gegen, &c.

(7) Like be-twy nan from twá; comp. G. zwi-schen from zwei.

I 2

pá he þá be-foran pone graman cyning ge-læd was when he then was led before the cruel king.

Ic eom a-send be-foran hine I am sent before him.
Be-foran eallum folce before all the people
On-bútan þæt cealf around the calf.
On-bútan þám weofode about the altar.
Od Rin þá eá unto the river Rhine.

Od Daniele þám witegan till Daniel the prophet.
On þá ealdan wísan in the old wise.

He sylf od-fleáh on Asiam he himself escaped into Asia.

On þám heán munte on the high mount.

Heó hine in þæt mynster on-feng she received him into the monastery.

In ge-limp-lícre tíde at a fitting time.

Ic eów sende swá sceáp ge-mang wulfas I send you as sheep among wolves.

On-ge-mang óðrum mannum among other men, Be-tweox his magas among his kin's-folk.

Be-tweox pære ealdan é and pære niwan betwixt the old law and the new.

Þá feoll he úppon hine then fell he upon him.
Uppon ánum beáme upon a beam.

Heó be-seáh innon þá byrgene she looked into the tomb.

Innon pære healle within the hall.

Hí comon ofer þá sæ they came over the sca.

Micel man-cwealm be-com ofer þære Romaniscre leóde a great plague came upon the Roman people.

Under pære fæstnesse under the firmament.
Wid-útan his dóm-ern outside his judgment-hall.
Wid-útan þám díce without the ditch.

Tó-geanes his fýnd he gæd hegoeth against his foes. Hí þá ferdon tó-geanes þám hæđenum they then marched against the heathen.

Feohtende on-gean hine fighting against him. pá com him þær on-gean then came there to meet him.

Be-geondan Iordanem beyond Jordan.

Be-geondan þám mere beyond the lake.

For for, and mid(1) with, govern the accusative, ablative, or dative; as,

For eall Cristen fole ge-biddan to pray for all Christian people.

For þý máne for that crime.

For hwylcum intingan? for what cause?
Mid þá fore-spre cenan fæmnan() with the fore-

said damsel.

Mid þý áde with the oath.

Mid his ágenum life with his own life.

Wid against, with, &c. governs the accusative, dative,

or genitive; as,

Wið þá reádan sæ by the Red Sea.

Wid þín fole toward thy people.

pa assan wid hí læswodon the asses were grazing with them.

(') Comp. G. für; μera, G. mid.

(2) L. femina.

A'na wid eallum alone against all.

Eage wid eagan, tóđ wið téđ eye for eye, tooth · for tooth.

Wid pæs holtes(1) toward the wood.

He éfste wid þæs heres he hastened against the

army.

A preposition sometimes stands after its case; as,
Hí him mid sæéton they sate with him.

Him bi twegen beámas stódon by him stood two

trees.

It is sometimes parted from it altogether, and placed either next before the verb, or last of all; as,

pe he man-cyn mid a-lýsde with which he redeemed mankind.

Þá ge-nea-læhte him án man to then drew nigh to him a man.

Ymb-útan is sometimes divided; as,

Ymb han-cred útan about cock-crow.

Wid and weard are sometimes used, the one before, the other after an accusative or genitive; as, Wid heofonas weard(2) toward the heavens. Wid Petres weard toward Peter.

VI.-Syntax of Conjunctions.

The following conjunctions require the verb to be in

the indicative mode:

and (5) and.

(1) P. holt, G. holz.

eác eke, also.

(2) Comp. the use of L. ad-versus.

(3) Comp. G. und, auch, so, da, dann, denn, da-da, &c.

penden while

síð-pán since

(for-)þý(-pe) for, because, for-pám(-pe) S therefore.

The following require the subjunctive, though in

general, as in Latin, in subordinate prepositions only:

þý-læs(-pe) lest

tó-pón-þæt in order that

od(-þæt) until

pá-hwile(-pe) (6) (the) while

á-þý-pe so much the-as hú, hú-meta how.

(4) The particle pe is added or not at pleasure to several conjunctions. (5) G. dass, D. dat; G. doch, wann, wenn, &c.

(6) Hwíl is a noun, (11. 3.) while, time; G. weile.

(7) Answering to TOTEρov-, L. utrum-an; like these hwæder is properly a neuter pronoun.

(8) The conjunction gif has no more to do with the verb gifan than S. gin has with given, or O. an with u n na n.