for (') (L. per-; F. for-; G. ver-): for-beódan (G. ver-bieten) to for-bid; for-swerian (L. per-jurare) to for-swear; for-gán to for-go; for-bærnan (G. verbrennen) to burn up, consume; for-gifan (G. ver-geben) to give away, for-give.

wider- (wid against; G. wider-): wider-saca (G. wider-sacher) adversary.

and- (avri; G. ant-): and-wlíta (G. ant litz) coun

tenance.

ge- (G. ge-; L. com-, con-, co-): has in general a collective sense; as, ge-bródra (G. ge-brüder) brethren ; ge-scý (G. ge-schuhe, F. chaussure) shoes; ge-mæne (G. ge-mein, L. com-mune) common; ge-fera (G. gefährte, L. com-es) companion; it forms active verbs from neuters, nouns, &c. as, ge-standan to urge; ge-pencan (G. ge-denken) to think of, remember; ge-strangian to strengthen; ge-leánian to reward; ge-niderian to degrade, condemn; from standan, pencan, strang, leán (reward), nider; or gives a figurative sense; as, biddan to ask, beg, ge-biddan to pray. Many words, however, take ge- without any change of meaning; as, seón, geseón to see; hýran, ge-hýran to hear, obey; mearc, ge-mearc mark, limit; rúm, ge-rúm wide, roomy.

be- (E. and G. be-) makes neuter verbs active; as, gán to go, be-gán to commit, &c. (G. gehen,be-gehen); feran to go, be-feran to travel over (G. fahren, befahren). It is sometimes privative; as, bycgan to buy, be-bycgan to sell; be-heáfdian to be-head: often in

(') Hence O. for-done, for-spent, &c. The prefix for- must not be confounded with the preposition for, which seems not to occur in composition.

tensive; as, reáfian to rob, be-reáfian to be-reave (G. rauben, be-rauben); be-gyrdan (G. be-gürten) to bègird; or otherwise modifies the sense; as, be-healdan to be-hold, be-sprecan (G. be-sprechen) to be-speak. ed- (again, re-): ed-niwian to re-new.

sin- (simle always, L. semper): sin-grén ever-green. sam- (L. semi-): sam-cuce(*) half-quick, half-dead. æg- or ge- gives pronouns and adverbs an indeterminate sense; as, ag-hwylc (ge-hwylc) each, every, æg-hwider whithersoever.

II.-Nominal Terminations.

The following are the chief Nominal Terminations, denoting for the most part persons:

-a(3): cemp-a warrior, champion; hunt-a hunter ; bog-a bow.

-ere: (E. and G. -er ; L. -or): reáf-ere (G. räub-er) robb-er; sæd-ere (L. sat-or) sow-er.

-end (from the part. pres.): Hæl-end (G. Heil-and) Saviour, healer; weald-end ruler.

-e: hyrd-e herd, keeper; sig e victory; riht-wís-e righteousness.

-el, -ol, -1 (E. -le ; G. -el) : byd-el (G. bed-el) herald, bead-le; gaf-ol tribute, gav-el; set-1 (G. sess-el) seat, sett-le.

-ing ædel-ing prince, young noble; Wóden-ing son of Woden; earm-ing poor wretch.

(2) Cuc, cucu, cucen, cwic (-e) are also found.

(3) Answering sometimes to L. -o; as, g u m-a, L. hom-o man, groom; heace bry d-guma G. bräuti-gam, bride-groom.

-ling (E. ling; G. -lein, -ling): cnæp-ling (G. `knäb-lein) little boy; deór-ling (G. theuer-ling) darling.

-incle (L. -uncul-us, -a): ráp-incle little rope.

-en (E. -en; G. -chen): mægd-en maid-en, from mægd maid (G. magd, mäd-chen); cyc-en chick-en, from coce cock.

-en (E. -en): þeód-en sovereign; byrd-en burth-en.

-en (E. -en; G. -in). Feminines from masculines sometimes change the vowel; as, pen, pin-en slave, female slave; fox, fyx-en (G. fuchs, füchs-in) fox, vix-en; sometimes not; as, peow. peow-en slave. Some change the vowel, and take -e; others change the vowel only; as, mearh, myr-e horse, mare; wulf, wylf (G. wolf, wölf-in) wolf, she-wolf.

estre (E. and D. -ster): sang-estre (D. zang-ster) song-ster, from sangere singer; sæm-estre seam-ster, from sæm-ere seamer, tailor.(')

The following denote a state, action, or the like: -dóm (E. -dom; G. -thum): wís-dóm wis-dom; cyne-dóm(2) (G. könig-thum) king-ship.

-hád (E.-head, -hood; G. -heit): mæden-hád maiden-head; cild-hád (G. kind-heit) child-hood.

(1) In songstr-ess, seamstr-ess, a Latin-French termination has been superadded. Huck-ster, malt-ster, tap-ster, and the like, are the true feminines of hawk-er, malt-er, tapp-er, &c. Spin-ster is yet rightly used.

(2) We have confounded -dom and -ric, but -dóm was properly the office, rank, -ríce the territory: thus, cyne-dóm, cyne-ríce (G. könig-reich); bisce op-dóm, bisceo p-rice, and the like.

-scipe (E. -ship; G. -schaft): hláford-scipe lordship; freónd-scipe (G. freund-schaft) friend-ship. -lác(E. -lock): wíf-lác, wed-lock.

-ađ, -ođ: hunt-að hunting; war-ođ sea-shore. -ud, -d (E. th; G.-end): geog-uđ (G. jug-end) youth; treów-d troth, truth.

-leást (-lýst; from adj. in -leás): gýme-leást heedlessness.

-ung, -ing (E. -ing; G. -ung): hálg-ung (G. heiligung) hallow-ing; leorn-ing learn-ing.

-nes (-nys, -nis: E. -ness; G. -niss): car-leás-nes careless-ness; ge-líc-nes (G. gleich-niss) like-ness.

-u, -eo, -o ́(G. -e): hæt-u (G. hitz-e) heat; mænig-eo (G. meng-e) many, multitude; bræd-o (G. breit-e) breadth.

-els (E. -le; G. -el): rad-els (G. räths-el) ridd-le ; sticc-els (G. stach-el) stick-le, sting.

-ed: rec ed mansion; eow-ed flock.

-m (E. -om; G -en): bot-m (G. bod-en) bott-om. -ot, -et, t: peow-ot, peowt slavery; bærn-et burning.

-d, -t (E. -th, -d, -t; G. -t): ge-byr-d (G. ge-bur-t) bir-th; ge-cyn-d kin-d, nature; mih-t (G. mach-t) migh-t. -ræden (ræd counsel): hiw-ræden house-hold; mæg. ræden relationship.

III.-Adjectiral Terminations.

-e: ædel-e noble ; fæg-e fated, fey.

-ig (E. y, G. -ig): dreór-ig (G. traur-ig) drear-y; bys-ig bus-y..

-líc (E. -like, -ly, G. -lich): leóf-líc (G. lieb-lich) love-ly; wíf-lic (G. weib-lich) woman-like, woman-ly.

-isc (E. -ish, G. isch): cild-isc (G. kind-isch) childish; Engl-isc (G. engl-isch) Engl-ish, Anglo-Saxon. -sum (E. -some, G. -sam): lang-sum (G. lang-sam) tedious, long-some; wyn-sum (G. wonne-sam) amiable,

win-some.

-ol (-ul) (L. -ul-us): sprec-ol talkative.

-en (E. and G. en): fleax-en (G. flachs-en) flax-en; hæd-en heath-en.

-bære (beran to bear : G. -bar): lust-bære (G. lustbar) pleasant; wæstm-bære fruitful.

-cund (cynn kind, race): woruld-cund worldly. -iht (G.-icht): porn-iht (G. dorn-icht) thorny. -weard (adj. and adv.; E. -ward): tó-weard toward, to come; hám-weard home-ward.

-feald (E. -fold): án-feald single, one-fold; twifeald, two-fold; manig-feald mani-fold.

-leás (E. -less, G. -los): syn-leás (G. sünde-los) sin-less; ár-leás (G. ehr-los) void of honour, impious. -wís (wise): ge-wís (G. ge-wiss) certain; riht-wis righteous.

-ern (E.-ern): súđ-ern south-ern. -tyme: hefig-tyme troublesome.

IV. Verbal Terminations.

-ian (-igan, -igean) forms verbs (I. 1.) from nouns, adjectives, and particles; as, cear-ian to care, gehýrsumian to obey, wider-ian to oppose; from cearu care, ge-hýrsum obedient, wider against.