wíse (I. 3.) wise, manner; G. weise, D. wijze. wisa wise man, guide; G. weiser, D. wijzer.

wítan (anom.) to know &c.: see I. above. ge-witan to depart.

witian to decide.

wíte (III. 1.) punishment; O. wite.

wita counsellor; hence witena ge-mót parliament.

wræd wrath, anger.

wrád wroth, angry.

pincan (I. 3.) to seem; G. dünken, D. dunken.

pencan (I. 3.) to think, make seem to one-self; G. and D. denken. (1)

(1) Comp. dokεw I think, seem, δοκει μοι me-thinks.

180

IV.-Additional Notes.

Page 1.-E is not a diphthong, but a modification of a in the other dialects, for which it is substituted in certain cases, as before a mute, or a consonant followed by e; thus dæg, dæge, but plur. dagas, dagum; so also fæt, sæd, &c. : é answering to Goth. é, is not changed.

The A. S. wrote 1 without a dot, y with one.

p probably gave rise to the O. abbreviations ye for the (be), yt for that (pt), &c.

Page 2.- was also written for oððle or, sóðł for sóð-líce truly, verily. Examples of the use of ñ are þã for þám to the &c., pon for bonne then, when.

In later times occurs for g, originally most likely a guttural, afterwards=y: hence the O. z still retained in some S. names, as Dalzell, Menzies, pronounced Dalyell, Menyies.

A long vowel is sometimes written double without the accent; as, wiid, good, gees, for wíd, gód, gés, like D. wijd &c.; in G. also the vowel is sometimes doubled in like manner. Where A. S. vowels are made long by contraction the dropt consonant sometimes appears, sometimes not in the modern Teutonic dialects; as, (sleahan) sleán, G. schlagen, D. slaan; gangan, gán, G. gehen, D. gaan; hangan, hón, G. and D. hangen. N has been often dropt and the vowel lengthened before other consonants, above all before s, (Note 1.) while it remains in kindred tongues; as, ést (love, favour), Goth. ansts; gós, G. gans, L. ans-er; ós (god, hero) G. ans; sóft, G. sanft; fús (prompt), Goth. funs; ús, Goth. and G. uns, L. nos, &c. This seems the case in Greek too, where ns is in like manner avoided; as, dove, δοῦσα (L. dans), στας, στᾶσα (L. stans), Σιμοεις, and many other words, in some of which the circumflex, as elsewhere, marks the contraction; the appears as soon as the σ is removed: neut. dov, σrav; gen. δοντος, σταντος, Σιμοεντος &c. In A. S. 1, ý, ό, and ú before δ,

often answer to a cognate short vowel followed by nd, nt, or nth, in the other languages; as, líðe, (lithe, soft) G. linde; síð (time) Goth. sinths, Dan. sinde; swíð, Goth. swinths; hryder, G. rind, D. rund ; ýð, L. unda; óðer, Goth. anthars, G. ander; teóðe (tenth), G. zehnte; cúð, G. kund; gúð (war), Goth. gunths, O. G. kund.

In the imperfects stód, bróhte, þúhte, þóhte, n is likewise dropt, and the vowel made long, g or c in the three last becoming h, as often else; cunnan and unnan also make cúðe, ú de instead of cunde (G. konnte), unde: bohte bought should most likely be short, not being so contracted. Something like these changes now and then appears in L.; as, fundo, fūdi, fūsus; tundo, tusus, where the vowel in the present is long for prosodical purposes only. On the whole, though the Gr. and L. quantity sometimes agrees with the A. S., and the D. and G. very often, the Gothic is the only sure guide, or failing that, the Icelandic, or other old kindred dialects.

Page 4.-Sometimes too g is added before e, as geów for eów, with little or no change of sound (see p. 41); with a soft vowel before or after it, g seems to have been but lightly sounded, as y, or as a fine guttural.

Page 5.-Other changes are io for eo, and ió for eó; seofon, siofon, heó, hió u for o, and ú for 6, especially after ge, which sometimes becomes i; geong, (giung) iung; geó, (giú) iú, ió; Iótas, Iútas Jutes: ie for y, gyld, gield payment, tax &c. U occurs medievally for v in foreign names, as Dauid David; hence also for f, as luuian for lufian to love. Some of these spellings and those p. 5. are the variations of different times, some of different dialects, of which as yet but little is known with certainty.

Page 8.-A. S. d has sometimes become E. th (soft), often G. t; fæder father, G. vater. p and usually answer to G. and D. d; preo, G. drei, D. drie, bróder, G. bruder, D. broeder; sometimes to G. and D. t; ford, G. fort, D. voort. See also p. 2 and addition thereto. The loss of these letters in E. and the substitution of the one unmeaning combination th for both the hard and soft sound is much to be regretted. The A. S. had seemingly no rule but custom for the

R

use of these two letters and sounds, as we for the latter, respectively, but as p is found oftenest at the beginning, and X at the end of a syllable, they are here so printed throughout.

Page 8-9.-The following are likewise exceptions to the general rule that the A. S. gender agrees with the German:

L. has clivus masc. and clivum neut.; nasus is masc.

Page 9.-Swefen dream is fem. II. 3., and neut. III. 1.

Scle ó shoe (G. schuh masc.) is masc. II. 2. (plur. sceós), or fem. I. 3. (plur. sceón O. shoon), or III. 3. (plur. (ge-)scý.)

Page 10.-But few certain rules can be given for the genders, especially from the terminations, of which several, as -e, -u, -el, -en, -er, contain nouns of all three. To some of the rules given above the following are exceptions and there may be more: setl seat, and wered host are masc.; -oð and -uð are interchangeable, and when from an adjective, fem.; as, geógoð(·uð) youth, from geong: - after a consonant is fem. chiefly when from an adjective, as, strengð from strang; otherwise sometimes neut. as, morð murder, or masc. as mond (monað) month.

Compounds in -lác are neut., in -ræden feminine.

Nouns of the 1st declension are called Simple from the simplicity of their inflection, having but four endings for the eight cases of the two numbers, and also from the close likeness of the three genders; the 2nd and 3rd declensions are termed Complex, as having in general more

case-endings, and wider distinctions of gender. The former kind answer to the Gr. nouns making their dative plural in -ot, and the L. in -bus, the latter to the Gr. which form it in -og or -aic, and the L. in -is. The terms Weak and Strong for Simple and Complex have greater seeming propriety when applied to other Gothic tongues, Gr. and L. for instance, than to A. S., since in the former case they in general need the help of another syllable to form their inflection, while A. S. needs only -n, and in the latter they have oftener the power of forming their cases without an additional syllable, than the A. S. has. Gr. and L. synonyms sometimes correspond with the A. S. in declension as well as in meaning and etymon; thus, simple: ovç, aur-is, e ár-e; ỏ-voμ-a, nom-en, na m-a; hom-o, gu m-a; complex: py-ov, we oгc; Tuрy-oç, burh; via, weg; vir, wer. Some nouns have both forms without a change of meaning; as, heofon, heofone keaven, mann, manna man, þeów, þeówa slave; some with; as, múð month (animate), múða mouth (inanimate), see List III. above; lufu and lufe are sometimes used indifferently, but usually the former stands for love, affection (amor), the latter for love, sake (gratia): Godes lufu love of God; for sumes gódes lufan for the sake of some good.

Page 11.-The neuter is placed first in the declension of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, as the simplest and purest form of the word, the masculine next as agreeing with it usually in three or four cases out of the five, and the feminine last as generally unlike both. The accusative stands next after the nominative as agreeing with it always in the neut., and sometimes in the masc., while in the fem. it is derived from it; the ablative next as in some words derived from the accus. ; and the genitive after the dative as sometimes derived from it, and last of all, as being in neuters and masculines in general most changed from the nominative. This applies more or less to Gr., L., G. &c.: in A. S. it is more apparent in complex than in simple nouns, more still in the indefinite inflection of adjectives, and most of all in demonstrative pronouns. As regards the genders, twá, bá, and þreo are noticeable exceptions.

Page 13.-The plural ending -an (G. -en) became in time -en which in ox-en (ox-an) is yet rightly used; hos-en (hós-a), and P. hous-en (hús), and furz-en (fyrs-as) are wrong. To brethr-en (bróðr-u),