against any other persons. As to all such other persons, the unrecorded deed is a mere nullity. So far as they are concerned, it is no conveyance or transfer which the statute recognizes as binding on them, or as having any capacity adversely to affect their rights, as purchasers or attaching creditors. As to them, the person who appears of record to be the owner is to be taken as the true and actual owner, and his apparent seisin is not divested or affected by any unknown and unrecorded deed that he may have made. Gen. Sts., c. 89, s. 3.-Per Ames, J., in Earle v. Fiske (1870).

Actions, real and personal, 8, 10; quare ejecit infra terminem, 12;

ejectment, 287.

Adams v. Ross, 226.

Adams v. Savage, 374.

Adverse possession, 457-469.

Advowson, 14, 23, 27.

Agricultural land, leases of, in New York, 136.

Aids, 101, 104, 106; how affected by Stat. 12 Car. II, c. 24. 116, 117.
Alienation, 415; of feuds, 60; of copyholds, 128; of fees tail, 246-250;
restraints on, 63, 64, 101, 136, 261, 395; license for, 64. 102;
forfeiture for, 102.

Aliena solo, rights in, 22-37, 407-411, 525-529.

Allodial property, 7, 38, 39, 45, 49, 207; in the United States, 131;
in New York, 135.

Ancient demesne, 118.

Anglo-Saxon law, 38, 44, 50, 51, 68, 124, 321, 450, 472.

Annuities, 34.

Appendant servitudes, 28, 29.

Appointment, powers of. See Powers.

Appurtenant servitudes, 28, 29.

Assize, mort d'ancestor, 458, 467; novel disseisin, 61, 458, 467;

Borough English, 85, 86.

Boroughs, customs of, 85, 513.
Bote. See Estovers.

British laws, 449.

Burgage tenure, 70, 85, 92.

Burgess v. Wheate, 169, 367.

C.

personal, 16;

Capite, tenant in, 49, 112, 114-117.

Castle-gard, 81.

Cestui que use, 150, 172.

Chancellor, early functions of, 148.

Chancery, court of, 149.

Chattels, 12, 14, 17, 56; joint ownership of, 188;

real, 12, 15, 284, 286. See Leaseholds.

Chief rents, 35.

Child, en ventre sa mere, 373.

Chivalry, tenure in, 51, 69, 79, 80, 86, 93; abolished, 112.

Chudleigh's Case, 140, 160, 346.

Cole v. Lake Co., 227.

Common, tenancy in, 186-191.

Common, rights of, 23, 28-30, 499.

Common recovery, 426-428.

Condition, in deed and in law, 302; expressed and implied, 305:

precedent and subsequent, 306; words proper to make, 309-
313; void, 313; restraining alienation, 63.

Conditional estates, 300-315, 402; rights of entry in, 301, 401, 482-

485.

Conditional fee, 210, 231-238.

Conditional limitation, of life estate, 260; of fee simple, 333, 364:
distinguished from condition, 307, 310-313.

Connecticut, tenure in, 135.

Conquest, Norman, effects of, 68.

Consanguinity, rules of, 454.

Contingent devises, 346-350, 401.

Contingent remainders, 331, 333-346; of trust estates, 400, 401.

Contingent uses, 346-350, 401.

Continual claim, 417, 468.

Conveyances, innocent, 484, 485 (see Grant); tortious, 482-485.

See Feoffment, Fine, Common Recovery.

Coparceners, 192. See Parcenary.

Copyhold, 118, 121-129.

Copyholders, 72.

Cornage, 84, 87.

Corodies, 33.

Corporate stock, personal property, 17.

Corporations, franchises, 32; mortmain, 65; escheat, 369, 474.

Corporeal hereditaments, 23, 24, 36.

Court Baron, 73.

Court leet, 73.

Covenant to stand seised, 153, 503.

Coverture. See Marriage.

Creditors, rights, 38, 62, 401, 402-406, 525-531.

Curtesy, 263-268; in uses, 152.

Custom and prescription, 495-501.
Customary court, 73, 126.

Customary freehold, 118.

D.

Dedication, 446.

Deed, 430, 512.

Demesne, 39, 52, 207.

Descent, 55, 412-415, 447-456; canons of, 454; in United States, 456.

Descent cast, 468.

Devise, 513-524; by custom, 513. See Will.

Devise, contingent, 346-350; executory, 376-380.

Donis conditionalibus, statute de, 234, 235, 236.

Dower, 100, 268-278; in uses, 152; effect of Statute of Uses on, 155,

Entireties, tenancy by, 196-198.

Entry, rights of, 301, 358-363, 401, 458, 459, 468, 469.

Equitable estates, 165-178, 401; nature of, 169; limitation of, 168,
-tail, 252.

397-400;

Equitable ownership, 140-178.

Equity, courts of. See Chancery.

Equity of redemption, 404.

Escheat, 107, 119, 210, 211, 363, 366-369, 401, 413, 415, 470-474; in
New York, 136; of corporate lands, 369, 474.

Escheat, writ of, 470.

Escuage. See Scutage.

Estate, meaning of term, 200, 203.

Estates, 199-402; of freehold, 199-280; not of freehold, 281-298; con-
ditional, 300-315; future, 316-369, 370-400. See Fee Simple,
Fee Tail, Life Estates, Leaseholds, Tenancy at Will, Tenancy
at Sufferance, Equitable Estates.

Estoppel, 512, 535-541.

Estovers, common of, 30, 258.

Execution, 529-530.

Executory devises, 376-380.

Executory uses, 370-375.

Expectant estates, 362. See Estates, Future.

F.

Farmer, 70.

Fealty, 78, 103, 106; tenure by, 80, 107; in United States, 131.
Fee, meaning of term, 39, 55, 206, 207; acquires heritability, 58.
Fee farm, 35, 98.

Fee simple, 201, 204-230; meaning of term, 205; pure, 204-211;
limited, 211-219; creation of, 219-230; base, 205; conditional,

210-212.

Fee tail, 201, 231-252; nature of, 238-249; varieties of, 240-243:
in United States, 250-252; after possibility of issue extinct,
278-280; conveyance of, 324.

Felony, forfeiture for, 471-474, 475-479, 483.

Feoffee to uses, 150.

Feoffment, 78, 317, 416-421; meaning of term, 418; tortious opera-
tion of, 419, 421, 482-485; in New York, 421.

Feud, 50, 55; alienability of, 60.

Feudal system, 38.

Feudal tenure, 46, 49, 50, 51, 78; growth of, at expense of allodial,

45; incidents of, 100-108; decay of, 109-120; burdensome
character of, III; how affected by Stat. 12 Car. II, c. 24, 112,
116-117; abolished in New York, 135.