chief, proposed commerce. "We came a great way," said he, "and we are a great nation. The French are building forts about us, against our liking. We have long traded with them, but they are poor in goods; we desire that a trade may be opened between us and you." And when commerce with them was begun, the English coveted the harbors on the Gulf of Mexico.

The good faith of Oglethorpe in the offers of peace, his noble mien and sweetness of temper, conciliated the confidence of the red men; and he, in his turn, was pleased with their simplicity, and sought for means to clear the glimmering ray of their minds, to guide their bewildered reason, and teach them to know the God whom they ignorantly adored.— GEORGE BANCROFT.

After

shire, England, about 1580. In 1594, Calvert entered Trinity College, Oxford, being but fourteen years of age, and on the 30th of August, 1605, he received the degree of M. A. leaving Oxford he traveled abroad, and on his return became the secretary of Sir Robert Cecil. Sir Robert subsequently obtained for Calvert the office of clerk of the crown in the province of Connaught, Ireland. Calvert received an appointment as clerk of the council in 1608, and in the following year took his seat in Parliament as member for Bossiney. In 1617 he received from King James I. the honor of knighthood, and in 1619 he became Secretary of State. He was a great friend of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and depended for the King's favor on that nobleman's influence.

In 1624, having joined the Roman Church, Calvert resigned his office as Secretary of State. On February 16, 1625, he was made a peer, with the title of Baron of Baltimore in the county of Longford, in Ireland. In 1621 Calvert had established the colony of Avalon, in Newfoundland. In 1627 he found it necessary to visit the colony in person; he re

mained but a few weeks, but returning in 1628, remained until the autumn of 1629. During this period he successfully repulsed the attack of some French privateers; but the Puritans began to complain of the number of priests Baltimore had brought with him. This circumstance and the extreme severity of the climate induced him to apply to the King for a grant of land further south. He sailed for Virginia, and being delighted with the climate, endeavored to secure a grant of land lying south of the James River. He was opposed by the members of the late Virginia Company, and then sought to obtain a patent for a new colony north and east of the Potomac, but died April 15th, 1632, before the completion of the grant. He was buried in the Church of St. Dunstan-in-the-West in London.

Sir George Calvert, afterwards first Lord Baltimore, deserves to be ranked among wise and benevolent law-givers, for he connected his hopes of the aggrandizement of his family with the establishment of popular institutions. In the fierce controversies of his time he was taunted with being "an Hispaniolized Papist," but the justice of history must avow that in his acts and legislation he constantly exhibited true charity. His example served to introduce into American institutions the principles of religious liberty.

CECILIUS CALVERT, second Lord Baltimore, obtained, on June 20, 1632, the Charter of Maryland which his father had sought. He sent his brother Leonard to establish the colony, and governed it for forty-three years by deputies, never once himself visiting it. Cecilius was universally commended for his moderation; he sought the exercise of his own religion, and was prepared to practice the toleration he demanded. He married Anne Arundel. He sent out his only son, Charles, to be Governor in 1662. The young ruler inherited the energy as well as the virtues of his father. passed an act for the public maintenance of those who should be injured in the defence of the colony. A mint also was established for the coining of money. He died November 30, 1675. Cecilius Calvert, for the needed comfort and protection of the settlers, expended £20,000 per annum. Through the benignity of his administration, no person professing to

He

believe in the divinity of Christ was permitted to be molested on account of his religion. Men of foreign birth enjoyed equal advantages with those of the English and Irish nations. He even invited the Puritans of Massachusetts to Maryland, offering them lands and privileges and free liberty of religion. His rule was marked by conciliation and humanity. To foster industry, to promote union, to cherish religious peace; these were the honest purposes of Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore. His benevolent designs were the fruit of his personal character, his proprietary interests, and the necessity of his position.

THE ARK AND THE Dove.

Cecil Calvert succeeded to his father's honors and fortunes. For him, the heir of his father's intentions, not less than of his father's fortunes, the charter of Maryland was published and confirmed; and he obtained the high distinction of successfully performing what the colonial companies had hardly been able to achieve. At a vast expense he planted a colony, which for several generations descended as a patrimony to his heirs.

Virginia regarded the severing of her territory with apprehension, and before any colonists had embarked under the charter of Baltimore, her commissioners had in England remonstrated against the grant as an invasion of her commercial rights, an infringement on her domains, and a discouragement to her planters. In Strafford Lord Baltimore found a friend,-for Strafford had been the friend of the father,—and the remonstrance was in vain; the Privy Council sustained the proprietary charter, and, advising the parties to an amicable adjustment of all disputes, commanded a free commerce and a good correspondence between the respective colonies.

Nor was it long before gentlemen of birth and quality resolved to adventure their lives and a good part of their fortunes in the enterprise of planting a colony under so favorable a charter. Lord Baltimore, who, for some unknown reason, abandoned his purpose of conducting the emigrants in person, appointed his brother to act as his lieutenant; and,

on Friday, the twenty-second of November, with a small but favoring gale, Leonard Calvert, and about two hundred people, most of them Roman Catholic gentlemen and their servants, in the "Ark and the Dove," a ship of large burden, and a pinnace, set sail for the northern bank of the Potomac. Having stayed by the way in Barbadoes and St. Christopher, it was not till February of the following year that they arrived at Point Comfort, in Virginia; where, in obedience to the express letters of King Charles, they were welcomed by Harvey with courtesy and humanity. Clayborne also appeared, but it was as a prophet of ill omen, to terrify the company by predicting the fixed hostility of the natives.

Leaving Point Comfort, Calvert sailed into the Potomac; and with the pinnace ascended the stream. A cross was planted on an island, and the country claimed for Christ and for England. At about forty-seven leagues above the mouth of the river, he found the village of Piscataqua, an Indian settlement nearly opposite Mount Vernon. The chieftain of the tribe would neither bid him go nor stay; "he might use his own discretion." It did not seem safe for the English to plant the first settlement so high up the river; Calvert descended the stream, examining, in his barge, the creeks and estuaries nearer the Chesapeake; he entered the river which is now called St. Mary's, and which he named St. George's; and, about four leagues from its junction with the Potomac, he anchored at the Indian town of Yoacomoco. The native inhabitants having suffered from the superior power of the Susquehannas, who occupied the district between the bays, had already resolved to remove into places of more security in the interior; and many of them had begun to migrate before the English arrived. To Calvert, the spot seemed convenient for a plantation; it was easy, by presents of cloth and axes, of hoes and knives, to gain the good will of the natives, and to purchase their rights to the soil which they were preparing to abandon. They readily gave consent that the English should immediately occupy one-half of their town, and, after the harvest, should become the exclusive tenants of the whole. Mutual promises of friendship and peace were made; so that, upon the twenty-seventh day of.