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OUR EXCHANGES.

THE MOST IMPORTANT ARTICLES.

American Journal of Archæolagy, Volume IV.-"Progress of American Archæology for Ten Years-1889-1899," by Henry W. Haynes. "The Earliest Hellenic Art and Civliization," and the "Argive Hereum," by Chas. Waldstein; "Symmetry in Early Christian Relief Sculpture," by C. L. Meader; Report of Meeting at New Haven, December 1899

Bulletin American Geographical Society, Volume XXII., No. 2 —“The Philippine Islands and Their People," by Pres't. J. G. Schurman; "Notes on Anthropology," by Roland B. Dixon.

The International Monthly, September 1900.-" The American School of Historians," by Albert Bushnell Hart; "The Conflict in China" by Prof. Edmund Buckley.

The Iowa Record for July.-"Dubuque in 1820," by Henry R. Schoolcraft; "Early Iowa Reminiscenses." by Gov. B. F. Gee

The Missionary Review for September. "The Anti-Foreign War," by Harlan P. Beach; "China Past, Present, and Future," Dr. Ashmore's paper at the Ecumenical Conference.

The Journal of the Polynesian Society, June 1900 " Wars of the Northern Against the Southern Tribes of New Zealand," by Percy Smith.

The Indian Antiquary, September 1900.-" The Thirty-Seven Spirits of the Burmese," by K. C. Temple; "The Spirit Basis of Belief," by Sir J. M. Campbell; Phallic Worship in the Himalayas."

Bulletins de la Societe de Anthropologie, No. 6, 1899.--" Notes on the

Dolmens of Prehistoric Stations."

Science of Man, for May 1900; Volume III., No. 4.-"The Submerged Man," "Ancient Times in Ireland," "Aboriginal Names of Places," "Legend as to How the Sea Was Made," The Races of Man," "Psychological Anthropology," "The Sequence of the Ages to Historic Times."

The Land of Sunshine for August. "A Hero in Science," by Chas. F. Loomis.

Biblia for August.-" Babylonian Antiquities in the British Museum from 4500 B. C. to 500 A. D."; "Prof. Hilprecht's Discoveries in Nippur "; "Egyptian and Semitic Languages," by Prof. C. Johnson.

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The Indian Review for May 1900, Volume I.. No. 5: Madras, India."Witchcraft in Malabar," A French Critic on Indian Affairs," "ttinduism, Ancient and Modern," "Ideals of the East."

The Methodist Magazine and Review, Toronto, March 1900.- "Pompeii; The City of the Dead"; "In Manxland," by Rev. R. Butterworth. July number-Canoeing in Canada," by H. M. Robinson.

The Popular Science Monthly for September.-"The Modern Occult," by Prof Joseph Jastrow.

The Biblical World for September.-"Occupation and Industries in Bible Lands," by Dr. E. W. G. Masterman, F. R. G. S.

Education, Boston, June 1900.-"Greek in the Curriculum," by Pres. J. A. Baker

American Journal of Philology, January-March 1900.-"The Greek Tragic and Conic Poets," by Edward Capps.

Folk-Lore for 1899. -" Australian Gods," by Andrew Lang; "Britain and Folk-Lore," by the President. Folk-Lore for March 1900 -" The Legends of Krishna," by W. Crooke, B. A.

The Open Court for August 1900.—"The Position of the Earth," with portraits of Galileo, by Dr. E. Kreuse; "The Evolution of Angels and Demons in Christian Theology,,' by R. Bruce Boswell. The Open Court for June "The Tomb Vivibia, an Important Monument of Dionysian Mysteries," by Ernst Mass; "The Assyrian Monuments and the Sermons of Isa ah," a review; "The Theology of Civilization" a review. The Open

Court for May-"Signets, Badges, and Medals," by the editor; fully illustrated. A Buddhist Convert to Christianity." "The International Congress of the History of Religions," by Prof. Jean Réville.

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Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, February 13, 1900."Ancient Indian Astronomy," by Hon. Miss Plunket; "Notes on AhuraMazda-Ibid"; "A Euphratean Cycle of 360°," by Robert Brown, F. S. A. The American Journal of Numismatics, April 1900.-" Ancient Greek Coins," by Frank Sherman Benson; Some Coins Discovered in Old Rome," by Rudolf Lauciani; "Coins of the Isle of Man," by John Evans. Journal of Biblical Literature, Volume XIX, Part 1.-"The Council of Elders," by Dr. Aram; "The Sanctuary of Shiloh," by L. W. Batten; "Babylonian Influence on the Levitical Ritual," by Paul Huapt.

The American Journal of Semitic Languages Chicago, July 1900."Urin and Thummim," by W. M. Arnolt.

The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume XLIX., Part 1, No. 1, 1900; Calcutta, Bombay.--"Copper Plate Inscriptions of Laks Mauasena," by Babu Akshay Kunrar Maitra.

The American Anthropologist for September 1900.-"Obsidian Mines of Hidalgo," by W. H. Holmes; "The Obsidian Razor of the Aztecs," by George C. McCurdy; Pueblo Ruins Near Flagstaff," by H. Fewkes; Sedna Cycle. A Study in Myth Evolution," by H. Newell Wardle.

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1900.

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FOREIGN EXCHANGES.

Comptes Rendus des Séanceo; Paris, 1897.

The Asiatic Quarterly Review, Bombay; April 1900.
La Géographie, Bulletin de la Société de Géographie.

Geologische und Geographische Experimente; Leipzig.

Bulletins de la Commissione Archæologica Comunale Di Roma. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris; Paris,

Journal of the Buddhist Text and Anthropological Society, Calcutta; Volume VII., Part I.

HOME EXCHANGES.

The Literary Digest. Progress; Chicago, September 1900.
Railroad Trainmen's Journal. Locomotive Firemen's Magazine.
The Dial for September 1900. The Journal of Geology for 1900.
American Homes for July 1900. Overland Monthly; June 1900.
The Washington Historian for September 1899.
American Anthropologist; Volume II., No. 1; 1900.
Annual Report of the Essex Institute; Mass., 1900.
The Yale Review for May 1900; Volume IX., No. 1.
Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis.

The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

The American Historical Review; Volume V., No. 4; July 1900. The American Naturalist for May 1000; Volume XXXIV., No. 401. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1900. Proceedings of the Amertcan Philosophical Society; Volume XXIX.; Philadelphia, 1900.

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society; Volume XXXIX., No. 162; April to June 1900.

The American Journal of Psychology.

Journal of the American Oriental Society; New Haven, Conn.
The American Architect for September 1900

The American Historical Review for July 1900; Vol. V., No. 4.

Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences.

The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography; Volume VII, No. 4.

ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES.

THE ROMAN FORUM.

When one visits the Roman Forum one cannot escape regretting the culpable ignorance of the adventurers and princes who, in the Middle Ages, profaned, demolished and destroyed precious monuments which Roman civilization had erected during several centuries and which, after the reverses, the decadence, the invasions, should have remained an eloquent and imposing proof of the richness and the grandeur of a people whose domination had known no boundaries.

What remains to-day is enough, nevertheless, to allow the visitor to reconstruct this historical region and see once more, although very imperfectly, the splendors of Roman architecture, the sumptuous temples, the immense amphitheatres, the vast palaces and the innumerable monuments that a powerful and ingenious people had accumulated, from the Capitol to the Aventine hill.

In the early days of this century, when the first excavations were carried out, the level of the Forum, which was then the site of the actual market, had become raised about eight metres because of the enormous quantity of débris which had been cast into it since the Middle Ages. The Italian Government entrusted the excavations to men of experience and energy, who spared no endeavor to uncover the ruins and once more give to the Forum, as much as possible, its full extent and primitive character. The new researches, begun during the ministry of Baccelli, which are being carried out with much activity, are yielding very good results, Signor Giacomo Boni, one of the ablest of archæologists, who has conducted the successful investigations carried out between the Temple of Castor and Pollux and the Atrium of Vesta, has had the good fortune to lay hands on a small altar of the third century, and exactly determine its original position above the small Well of Juturna.

The ruins of the ancient buildings which surrounded the fountain of Juturna have been at length freed from the soil which covered them, as well as the foundations and walls, much less ancient, of the Church of Santa Maria Liberatrice, which was built above the ruins in question in the course of the seventeenth century. In front of this fountain there has been brought to light a little structure, in the centre of which the ground-level is raised so as to furnish a pedestal for some statue; amongst the debris, in fact, has been found the lower portion of a female statue which might have been that of the nymph Juturna, to whom was dedicated the fountain whose relics have just been discovered.

Signor Boni minutely, slowly and patiently, examined the putéal to the depth of fifteen feet, but only found fragments of glass and terra cotta and numerous amphoras belonging to different epochs and of the most diverse styles. Here the learned archæologist is now busy in reconstructing and drawing out the several objects discovered, especially the amphoras which wer used in dipping up the water.

If the fountain of Juturna has been found as it was left after its last restoration, it is only through providential good luck: when the foundations of the Church of Santa Maria Liberatrice were built, the sacred well was miraculously saved by the arrangement of three of the foundation-walls which surrounded it and enclosed it within a triangle, without touching it.

Between the little structure which touches the fountain of Juturna and the Temple of Castor there have been found an infinity of fragments of columns, capitals, pedestals and marble decorations belonging to temples and buildings still unidentified and of various epochs, from the archaic to the classic. Among the most remarkable of the objects discovered in these excavations must be mentioned a fourth-century sarcophagus, which still encloses human bones, and has an admirable frieze ornamented with masks,

palm branches, elegantly and gracefully designed and of remarkably fine workmanship, which recails the best productions of the Tuscan artists.

Near the fountain is an edifice the destination of which seems to have been-according to inscriptions and the cippi which were found with it-to serve as offices for the magistrates employed by the water-service. In the largest room of this structure, in the walls of which there are enormous niches, have been found several fragments of statues of considerable worth. Within the limits of the central niche has been uncovered a headless statue of Esculapius, and further on a splendid torso belonging to the statue of Apollo, of which has also been discovered the plinth, the feet and the two knees, one of which is still attached to the laurel-tree trunk against which the god is leading. There has also been found in the lower part of the edifice a female figure which might very well be Hygeia.

Signor Boni proposes to make a stratigraphical exploration of the fountain of Juturna, as he has already done with success in his earlier discorery of the lapis niger, and he is carrying out excavations in the neighborhood of the Emilian basilica, in order to determine the exact limits of the early basilica and the later edifices. These researches are going on in the Cloaca Maxima, in the hope of rediscovering a section, the existence of which has long been suspected.

The pupils of the School of Applied Engineering are, under the direction of Signor Boni, drawing an altimetrical plan of the Roman Forum, and here are some of the important results which will be incoporated in it:

The lowest portion of the historical city is exactly at the spot where today is found the altar of Cæsar (12622 metres above sea-level), and the highest spot is the cella of the Temple of Venus at Rome (33.896 metres). The lapis uiger is at the level of 13.195 metres.

The Temple of Vesta (indicated by the steps of the sacrarium) is at the level of 14.922 metres.

The clivium of the Via Sacra is at the level of 17.397 metres.

The Arch of Titus is at the level of 30 417 metres, and the Coloseum at 23 909.-H. MEREU, in the American Architect.

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THE CAVE OF PSYCHRO IN CRETE

It has been known for some vears that a large cave above the village of Psychro, in the Lasithi district of Crete, was a repository of primitive votive objects in bronze, terra cotta, etc. As this cave is situated in the eastern flank of the mountain which dominates the site of ancient Lyttos, and is the only important cave known in the neighborhood, it was conjectured that it was the Lyttian grotto connected with the story of the infancy of Zeus in the legend, whose earliest version is preserved by Hesiod. A thorough exploration of it, undertaken in May and June of the current year by Mr. D. G. Hogarth on behalf of the British School at Athens, aided by the Cretan Exploration Fund, has served fully to confirm this view. The cave is double. On the north is a shallow grotto, the upper part of which was cumbered with immense fallen fragments of the roof. The lower part contained deep black earth, partly ransacked by previous diggers. This was thoroughly dug out this year, and when the great blocks had been broken up with blasting powder and removed the deposit on the higher slope was also searched. The result was the discovery of a rude altar in the middle of the grotto, surrounded by many strata of ashes, pottery and other refuse, among which many votiue objects in bronze, terracotta, iron and bone were tound, together with fragments of some thirty libation tables in stone, and an immense number of earthenware cups used for depositing offerings. The lowest part of the upper grotto was found to be enclosed by a wall partly of rude cyclopean character, and partly rockcut; and within this temenos the untouched strata of deposit ranged from the early Mycenæar Age up to the geometric period of the ninth century B. C., or thereabout Daly very slight traces were found of later offerings The earliest votive stratum belongs to the latest period of the preMycenaan Age, that marked by the transition between the "Kamaraes fabric of pottery and the earliest Mycenaean lustre-painted ware. But below all is a thick bed of yellow clay, containing scraps of primitive hand

burnished black and brown pottery, mixed with bones of animals. This bed seems to be water-laid, and to be prior to the use of the cave as a sanctuary. Probably, when it was in process of formation, the cave was still a "Katavothron" of the lake which once occupied the closed Lasithi basin; but before the Mycenaean period the present outlet had opened, and the plain was dry. The southern, or lower, grotto falls steeply for some 200 feet to a subterranean pool, out of which rises a forest of stalactite pil

lars. Traces of a rock-cut stairway remain. Much earth had been thrown down by the diggers of the upper grotto, and this was found full of small bronze objects. But chance revealed a more fruitful field, namely, the vertical chinks in the lowest stalactite pillars, a great many of which were found still to contain toy double-axes, knife-blades, needles, and other objects in bronze, placed there by dedicators, as in niches. The mud also at the edge of the subterranean pool was rich in similar things, and in statuettes of two types, male and female, and engraved gems. These had probably been washed out of the niches. The knife-blades and simulacra of weapons are probably the offerings of men; the needles and depilatory tweezers of women. The frequent occurrence of the double-axe, not only in bronze, but moulded or painted on pottery, found in the cave, leaves no doubt that its patron god was the "Carian" Zeus of Labranda, or the Labyrinth, with whom, perhaps, his mother, the Nature goddess, was associated, and the statuettes probably represent the two deities. Here was the primitive scene of their legend, afterwards transferred in classical times to a cave on Mount Ida.--The Architect.

PRIMITIVE VILLAGE SITES IN MARYLAND.

BY J. H. MCCORMICK, M. D.

During some recent investigations in Montgomery County, Maryland, I discovered three Indian village sites, the collection of stone implements being in some respects a unique one. The first of these was found near Boyds Station on the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, about thirty miles from Washington. The second on the Musser farm, near Germantown, on the same railroad, and about five miles southeast of the other. The third was found on the Barnesby farm, on the 7th street pike, about one mile south of Olney, and about twenty-four miles from the city, and about twenty miles northeast of the Boyds and Musser sites. Many implements have been picked up by farmers in their fields all over the county, but with the exception of these three sites and the soapstone quarries at Sandy Spring, to be hereafter mentioned, they have been found in no considerable quantity in any cne locality.

That Maryland, with its Chesapeake Bay, Potomac and Susquehanna Rivers, on the one hand, with the advantages of easy communication by water and abundant marine food, both fish and oysters, vast acres of the latter being justly world-wide in fame, as the most dencious to be found anywhere, and the mountain in the western part of the State, on the other, with their wild game of great variety, afforded a most advantageous home for the Indian, is quite apparent; and he left evidence of his occupancy throughout the State, in the stone implements of a great variety of form. Montgomery County, touching on one side, for many miles, the Potomac, with numerous small streams flowing into it, was a favorite camping ground. The first site was found a few hundred yards from the railroad bridge, where it crosses the Little Seneca. My attention was first called to it by Mr. S. G. Burton, the bridge-tender, a gentleman who had picked up on and near the spot quite a collection of implements. The second site was found on the farm of my friend Mr. W. H. Musser, whose land was drained by the Big Seneca. The implements, measuring a bushel or more, consisted of arrow-heads, spear-heads, leaf-shaped drills, metates, mullers, axes, -chipped, ground and polished, a hammer-stone, a pipe and a boatshaped stone.

At the Barnesby farm, the trees had been cut down the summer of '65, and were oaks and chestnuts, from 2 to 21, feet in diameter. A huge

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