(2) Catalogue of names of persons, arranged alphabetically.

(3) Catalogue of objects dated with certainty, arranged in order of dynasties and reigns.

Indexes of previously existing catalogues and of references to Egyptological literature are being prepared.

The organization and plan of the work are due to Herr Borchardt, who was engaged on the cataloguing of the statues for nearly a year before he was joined by any of his colleagues.

About 10,000 numbers out of perhaps 50,000 have been done. Herr Borchardt has described the statues and Old Kingdom monuments, and is now working on architectural models. Herr Reisner has catalogued the boats and canopic vases and most of the amulets. Mr. Crum has dealt with the Coptic monuments, M. Chassinat with the sarcophagi of the two great Der el Bahri finds, Freiherr von Bissing with pottery, faience and bronze, and Mr. Quibell has been engaged with the archaic monuments. Several volunteers have worked on the catalogue; notably Messrs. Grenfell & Hunt on its Greek papyri, Prof. Wilcken on the ostraca, and Dr. Miller on Greek inscriptions.

"A History of Egypt under Ptolemaic Rule" and "A History of Egypt under Roman Rule" are remarkable and timely publications, essential to every student and reader of Græco-Roman Egypt. Between the first volume, by Prof. J. P. Mahaffy, and the second by Mr. J. G. Milne, there is a wide difference of treatment in the use of material. Mahaffy usually fails to give his authority, while Milne cites references by the wholesale. The former may be more readable, but the latter is more useful. We are assured that Mr. Mahaffy is largely occupied with the fortunes of the Ptolemaic dynasty, the characters and complicated matrimonial relationships of the several sovereigns, while he nowhere gives any detailed and comprehensive survey of the administrative and economical organization of the country. Indeed he frankly abandons it as impossible (p. 93); but this is surely to overlook the success of Lumbroso, and since the appearance of that admirable work the availabe materials have been increased by the great discoveries of the last ten years. No doubt many difficulties and obscurities remain; but this is equally the case with every part of the history of the Ptolemies, and would only provide the greater scope for Mr. Mahaffy's ingenuity, boldness and resource. In any case, a collection and sifting of the existing materials could not fail to be useful to the student, both for the purpose of reference and as a starting point for future research. This is what Mr. Milne has attempted for the Roman period, and it is the most valuable portion of his book. His summary of Egyptian annals is somewhat dry and barren; but his

tabulation of administrative and economical details, which occupies chapters i., viii., ix.. x., and the appendices, will be most gratefully welcomed by those who have hitherto had to collect the evidence for themselves from scattered documents, and who can appreciate the labor involved in such a work.

Mr. F. G. Kenyon gives us a very valuable work on The Palæography of Greek Papyri," for which he has great aptness and brilliant acquisitions. Its scope may be indicated by specifying the heads of the various chapters: (1) The Range of the Subject; (2) Papyrus as Writing Material; (3) Non-Literary Papyri; (4) Literary Papyri of the Ptolemaic Period; (5) Literary Papyri of the Roman Period; (6) The Transition to Vellum. To these are added appendices, giving a complete catalogue of the literary papyri hitherto discovered (up to and including the first volume of the Oxyrhynchus papyri), a list of the principal publications of non-literary papyri, and a table of abbreviations used in papyri. The book is illustrated by twenty photographic plates and a table of eighteen alphabets of literary hands. The whole is an attempt to marshal the evidence which the recent discoveries have furnished with regard to Greek palæography of the papyrus period (a period of which our knowledge was of the scantiest till within the last ten years), and to suggest the leading principles to which that evidence points.

Mr. W. E. Crum has a very scholarly and useful chapter in the Archeological Report of the Egypt Exploration Fund on Coptic Studies." To turn to matters ecclesiastical, we find that M. Revillout has published a very elaborate volume of 400 pages on the Coptic texts relative to the Nicene Council. Such texts throw much light upon the accepted status of a council that composed the famous creed of the Catholic World. It will be recalled how Mr. Groff made some startling and interesting discoveries of the names of Jacob and Joseph in the Karnak lists. Mr. Crum says that Mr. Groff believes himself to have recognized in the London and Leyden Gnostic Papyrus-in that part of it which he terms a magician's formulary"-the names Jesus. Nazarene, John and Peter, as well as "father in heaven" and "prince of this world," or something corre sponding thereto. The forms are, he holds, transcriptions from a Semitic language-an argument for Egypt's very early acquaintance with Christianity. That the authors of such texts drew upon still older sources is doubtless probable; whence the introduction of the names in question might have taken place in an extremely early time. Such discoveries, if substantiated, would certainly be of great interest.

There are many interesting points discussed in the review cited. As far back as the XIth Dynasty tattooing

was practiced, as Dr. Fouquet demonstrates and illustrates by a plate of figures. Lieblein draws attention to medical treatment by inhalation in the Ebers-Papyrus, and Schafer reports upon a magic formula against burns. One of the legal bits is that Mons. Capart thinks that he can prove beheading as a punishment in the early days from a scene in the tomb of Merruka at Sakkarah.

Mr. F. W. Green, a pupil of Dr. Petrie's, comes to the front as an explorer. How he did his work at Hierakonpolis is told by Dr. Petrie in that invaluable publication, the Archæological Report:

The main affair was an exhaustive clearing of the ground of the temple site, and much of the town enclosure around it. The raised mound on which the temple was built proved to be almost circular in plan; a mass of sand with chips of prehistoric pottery in it, held up by a revetment of rude steps of stone. It probably belongs to the earliest dynastic age. In the area was found a portion of a large stele of king Kha sekhem; this is very valuable as proving the exact reading of the name, which has been before doubtful, owing to its roughness on the statues and great stone jars. This stele is the most monumental work of these early dynasties that we have yet seen, and links on to the style of the rock carving of the IVth Dynasty.

A piece of a great porphyry vase with the ka-name of king Khasekhemui was also found; and part of the base of a statue with apparently a double ka-name, which is, therefore, probably of the same king.

In the town was found another important piece. As yet we only know of the three Min statues of Koptos and the kneeling figure of Hierakonpolis as archaic carving on a large scale. Now a life-size figure has been found, of the same very archaic style, but dressed differently from any Egyptian figure, and recalling the early Babylonian style. A long robe reaches to below the knees; it is thrown over the left shoulder, and held by the left arm across the breast; the right arm hangs down the side, and the hand was pierced, like those of the Min statues. Unhappily, the head and feet are both lost, and the block has been often re-used for a threshold and door socket, down the left side.

A large quantity of flint tools and flakes were found in the town, some in the temple, and a few from the cemetery. They are of every quality, from finished knives to mere flakes, and include a great variety of tools. A large mass of minute wrought flakes, the so called "midgets" of India and Europe, were found together in one place, some thirty pounds weight

in all.

On the desert edge a long mass of prehistoric cemetery proved to have been almost entirely plundered by dealers. Some fine flint work and a good deal of pottery was recovered. But the main result here was the painted grave of the middle prehistoric age. The figures are of boats, men, and animals; scenes of both hunting and fighting are shown. It is the most important drawing yet known of the prehistoric age, it clenches for certain the meaning of the boats on the vases, and shows many details of the prehistoric life. The whole was very carefully copied full size in colors by Mr. Green; and he then spent much time and labor in removing the rotten mud coating bearing the drawings, and fixing it in sheets of plaster. Thus it traveled safely to the Cairo Museum. Mr. Green completed his work by a detailed plan and map of the temple and neighborhood.

The importance of training students practically as excavators cannot be overstated. There should be an AngloAmerican School of Egyptian Studies and Excavation at Cairo. The sine qua non is an endowment. Who will begin it? We notice that Mr. James Loeb, of New York, has just

enriched the School at Athens by a gift whose assured income will be $600 a year. Such generosity deserves to be followed by wealthy men in our country, who appreciate the great work yet to be done in Egypt to cast light upon the history of our race.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES.

BY ALEXANDER F. CHAMBERLAIN

SAMOA. In the Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie (Vol. XIII., 1900, pp. 55-70), W. von Buelow continues his studies in Samoan ethnography. The author describes and figures a curious stone implement, new to him, although resident for some eighteen years in Samoa; nor does it seem to be familiar to the modern Samoans. The rest of the paper is devoted to the consideration of the peopling of the island of Savaii-native texts and translations are given of certain legends relating thereto, and many explanatory notes added. Not all of the Samoan islands seem to have been peopled from the west (as Savaii and a part of Upolu were), there being traces of a migration also from the eastward. The first inhabitants probably belonged to the same race as the vanguard of the great Malayan migration.

GERMAN NEW GUINEA. In the Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie (Vol. XIII., 1900, pp. 18-54, with eight plates), Mr. R. Parkinson writes of the ethnology, sociology, language, etc., of the Berlinhafen region of the New Guinea coast. The good qualities (and these savages incline to that side) are not few, and their friendliness and hospitality are marked. On the bad side, lying, theft, laziness, passion, cruelty, etc., are to be noted. The position of women and children is by no means of the lowest. The population, as a whole, appears to be slowly decreasing, this is due to wars, disease, unhygienic methods of living, immorality of a sexual sort, etc. The enormous frisures of the men are in marked contrast with the shaved heads of the women. Ornaments for the hair are much in use, and old and young of both sexes are fond of wearing the red blossoms of the Hibiscus. Characteristic of this region is the Parak or "spirit-house," upon which the natives expend all they are capable of in building, decorating, painting, carving, and other arts. The author gives a detailed description of the Parak. Interesting, also, is the less carefully constructed Alol (villagehouse, council-house, bachelors' house), after which come the ordinary houses still less carefully built. In the mythology of these people figure: Mokrakun (a female deity), protective deities (genii loci) called tapun, and Mohs, an evil spirit. In this region of New Guinea, as on that island generally, langu

ages and dialects fairly pullulate. According to Mr. Parkinson, "the little island of Tamara, containing only some 280 to 300 people, has its own language, divided into two dialects" (p. 48). So also have the islands of Ali, Seleo, and Angel, the languages of which differ from that of Tamara about as Dutch does from German. Other parts of the region in question also have their particular language. Consonantal interchange and euphonic addition are current to such an extent in Tumleo, the language spoken on Tamara, that the author assures us that the word for "speak," may be pronounced: Kapál, napál, tapál, rapál, mákapál, mánapál, mátapál, or márapál. The differences in the two dialets in use in Tamara consist in the use of a number of entirely different words, vocalic divergences, etc.

JAVANESE PUPPET-PLAY. In the Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie (Vol. XIII., 1900, pp. 4-17), Dr. H. H. Juynboll, of Leiden, describes (with ten plates) the Wajang Kelitik, a Javanese puppet-play of considerable antiquity. The name wajang is somewhat inaccurate, since it signifies not "puppet,' but "shadow,"-kelitik seems to mean "small." The play, in which the figures are flat wooden dolls, deals with the heroic deeds of Damar Wulan, Sijung Wanara, and other personages of the Padjadjaian and Madjapahit periods, the last of which extends from 1216 A. D. to 1390 A. D. The author promises another (concluding) part of his very interesting study. In the Wajang Kelitik not the shadows of the dolls, but the figures themselves are used.

MALAY MAGIC, Mr. W. W. Skeat's "Malay Magic: being an Introduction to the Folk-Lore and Popular Religion of the Malay Peninsula" (London, 1900, pp. xiv., 685), is a wellwritten volume upon a topic which must be of considerable interest to Americans at the present time, as an excellent account of the mythological and religious life of a people now becoming profoundly modified by the influences of modern civilization. Mr. Skeat, as an English official in the federated Malay states for many years, writes as one having authority concerning the things that are passing away. For the Malay "magic" is the one thing in life, that can keep man safe amid the vicissitudes, troubles and accidents of the spirit-moved and spirit-haunted world. Consequently rites and ceremonies are legion in rumber, and the best part of the book is taken up with their description. Amid all the overlaying of Mohammedanism, Brahmanism, etc,, the vastly older spirit-worship still survives in a quaint and curious fashion, sorcery, witchcraft, demonology are oftentimes older than religion, and the sevenfold soul even more ancient still. The Malays have been very much influenced by Arabic and Hindu culture and literature,more, probably, than has hitherto been recognized.