deed, in other countries, e. g. New Guinea and Africa; they are usually quite different from these in sectional form and in the mode of grooving. Personally we are inclined to see a significance in the the similarity of the Polynesian-Tlingit-Mexican BARK BEATER OF THE TLINGIT: ALASKA. beaters. Were there no other evidence pointing to relationship or contact between the three populations, the argument would be, indeed, weak; as it is, however, this similarity presents evidence which reinforces an argument already made. A REMARKABLE INDIAN PIPE.* BY W. J. WINTEMBERG. This interesting and valuable stone pipe was found by the writer in August, 1898, on the site of an ancient Indian camp near the village of Bright, in Oxford county. On one side it has the representation of the Thunder Bird, a mythical being to which was attributed the natural phenomenon implied by its The drawing represents a bird with a human head.† The four lines coming down obliquely to the right and left sides of the bird's head evidently represent lightning. The simplest delineation of lightning among savage folk would naturally be by these zig-zag strokes. Even among our deaf mutes the gesture sign is by describing with the index finger of the hand its zig-zag course through the sky These zig-zag lines are also used by the Pueblos or Tusayan Indians to represent lightning, and among the ancient Assyrians three zig-zag "thunder-bolts were the symbol of Vul,the atmospheric god. It is a matter of conjecture what the upright line and the three cross bars on the breast signify. They may represent the vital organs; perhaps the heart and lungs, and, symbolically, the life of the individual. Of course all this is mere conjecture. Perhaps some of our more advanced mythologists could throw some light on the subject. The bird's talons or claws and the wings are well shown, although they are dispro • Reprinted from the "Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist," April, 1900. + According to a description of this fabulous creature given by an Iroquois sorcerer to the Jesnit missionary Brebeuf, the Iroquois thunder bird also partook slightly of the human form: "It is a man in the form of a turkey cock."-Relations des Hurons, 1636, p. 114! portionately small. The three tail-feathers are also well shown, and the curious markings on the middle one may have had some mythic meaning to the primitive artist. The zig-zag mark at the right of the bird's tail no doubt represents another lightning stroke, or a snake; or, perhaps both, for among some savage tribes the lightning and the snake were regarded as identical, i. e., the lightning flash, owing to its resemblance to the sharp, sudden, zig-zag movements of the snake, was often called a fiery serpent. Thus, some tribes of our Canadian INDIAN PIPE WITH MYTHOLOGICAL DESIGNS. Indians call the lightning a fiery serpent, and believe that the thunder is its hissing. And if we turn to oldworld mythology, we also find the lightning identified with the snake-the flashes of lightning having been regarded by the Greeks the fiery serpents of Zeus, the god of the air. The side opposite to the thunder bird bears a series of incised lines, making a pattern often found on pottery. On the side to the right of the bird is the drawing of a man with an unfinished head. This figure also has an upright line and cross-bars on the breast, except that they are arrowlike in form. On the remaining side is the stem-hole, and above it are two deep hollows. Above these is the figure of a quadruped, probably a fox or a wolf. Below the stem-hole is the deeply-incised figure of a cross. The cross was used as a symbol before the appearance of Europeans on this continent, and it is generally believed to have reference to the cardinal points. The lines surrounding the top of the bowl were for ornament alone, and appear to have been an afterthought, as they cut the upper part of some of the designs. This pipe was found in what was at one time Neutral, or Attiwendaronk, territory. To the writer's knowledge it is the only specimen of the kind that has ever been found in the peninsula of Western Ontario. It is now in the Ontario Archeological Museum, at the Education Department, Toronto. ANCIENT AZTEC CITIES AND CIVILIZATION. BY STEPHEN D. FEET. Several questions arise in connection with the ancient cities. of Mexico, which need to be answered before we can proceed with the description of them. They are: First, were they worthy of the name cities? second, are the descriptions which were given by the Spanish historians correct, or must we rely upon the evidence of the archaeologists for our knowledge of their real character? third, what is the testimony of history concerning these cities and their early growth and progress? fourth, in regard to the architecture which embodied itself in these ancient cities: can we distinguish it from that which preceded it, and so decide what cities belonged to the Aztec, and what to the Toltec period. I. In reference to the first question, we may say that certain modern writers have been disposed to reject the term city altogether from their vocabulary, when speaking of ancient places in America, whether found in Mexico, Central America, or Peru; and in its place use the term pueblo, conveying the idea that they were nothing more nor less than large Indian villages, similar to those which are still occupied in New Mexico, and that the people who built them were no more civilized than the Indian tribes of the North. We maintain, however, that there was a great difference between the Indian villages and the socalled cities, and that this difference was an index of the stage of culture which had been reached. To illustrate: we find, even at the present time, Eskimo villages which are mere collections of huts constructed of ice and snow, or of bone and bark, and approached by long passageways. We find that the tribes in the eastern portion of the continent dwelt in stockade villages, or in inclosures surrounded by earthworks; their houses being constructed mainly of wood. There are villages on the Northwest coast, which belong to the fishermen and hunters, the most of which are constructed of wood, and are arranged in a line along the water front, and are marked by an immense array of totem-poles, which seem at a distance like masts of vessels, but are indicative of the history and ancestry of the people. In the more central districts, especially on the plateau, the villages are contained in great communistic houses, many of which are placed upon the summits of the mesas, and are built of adobe or of stone. In Peru the villages were generally the capitals, and were connected with roadways which passed over the mountain; they were under the control of the Incas, the capital being the centre, where were the finest specimens of architecture. In Mexico and Central America people seem to have been gathered into large places, which were laid out after a fixed order and were under a central government, and abounded with temples, palaces, canals, bridges, fountains, and gardens, and contained many elaborate specimens of architecture. These several types of native architecture represented the various grades of civilization, each one of which was confined to a separate geographical district and is suggestive of a distinct form of aboriginal culture. It should be remembered that these Aztec cities had a very different origin from the ordinary Indian villages of the North, and were built on a very different plan. They may have grown up out of rude villages, and the people may have come up from the clan life into a later social organization; yet so much of their art and architecture was borrowed from the civilization which had previously existed among the Toltecs, that the signs of their own native growth were lost in that which had been added to it. Every people owes its architecture and its art to the different elements which have prevailed in the region, and we can no more confound the Mexican city with the pueblo of New Mexico, than we can the modern city with the little hamlet of log houses, or the houses of the white man with the hut of the ordinary Indian. The growth of society was greatly modified by the surroundings, and the city which grew up in the midst of the beautiful lake and was connected with the banks by long artificial dykes must have had a very different history from that of villages which had been erected on the summits of the lofty mesas and which owed their defense to the walls by which they were surrounded, and their conveniences to the terraces with which they were provided. There were, to be sure, other cities built upon the summits of mountains of Mexico, as Messrs. Holmes and Charnay have shown; but these mountain cities, which stretch out at great length and cover the entire summits, are very different from the compact pueblos which were compressed into one great house, and resembled great bee-hives with their cells occupied by human beings. The government of a monarch, who ruled over a large district and who subordinated all adjoining tribes to his own power, was very different from that of a village cacique, who ruled over a single village and had a few officers subject to his command, but who knew all of his people by name, as a father does his children. The Spanish historians did not stop to ask the history of the people before they gave the name "city to the various places which they entered. They knew that they were governed by religious despots, and that in the midst of each, there were temples, where bloody sacrifices had been offered, and it was very natural that they should call the places cities, and their rulers kings or monarchs, and their religious men priests, and that they should apply the very terms which were in common use among them, in speaking of the objects which they saw. They were accustomed to the architecture which had grown up in Europe during the middle ages, and their minds would naturally revert to feudal despots, who dwelt in their castles and who ruled over their retainers, who lived in the surrounding forests. It was not to be expected of the Spaniards at this time that they would draw the distinction between the ancient cities of Mexico and the ordinary Indian villages, and certainly not to show the difference between the ancient cities and the pueblos of New Mexico, for they knew nothing of the latter. The names which the Spanish historians used would of , themselves show very clearly that there was a very different condition of things among the ancient Mexicans from that which prevailed among the northern tribes. Consequently the term pablo should not be applied to the cities, nor medicine lodge to the temple, nor council houses to the palaces, nor median men to the priests, nor tribal chiefs to the kings. Tribal Society may have continued on a basis of kinship, but selfdefense brought about the contederacy of the tribes of Mexico, and this contederacy resulted in establishing cities which were in reality capitals. The City of Mexico was divided into four principal quarters, with twenty war-chiefs, one chief representing the element of worship, all under one head, the "chief of men," or king, who seems to have been like the monarchs of the East, clothed with power of priest and king. II. In reference to the descriptions by the historians, it should be said that there were many things to account for them. While they have been pronounced by various critics as extravagant exaggerations, yet the latest researches are proving that they were in the main quite correct. There were certain influences which would lead them to give a rose-colored view, and yet this was better than a tame and spiritless account. The reports of the discovery so recently made by Columbus and his company had aroused great expectations, and there would naturally be a desire in, the minds of the writers who were de •We take at rand im from Bandelier's report the following: " The rest fence of the HIEF OF MEN WAS Called 8 Å . Iy, the al family hato wait upon the off, ers and . hiefs who trassa, ted business at the EIAN The offerox ed Kasi ? Mexico, of Earns f Anak jac, was l ́acate, hii, while the Ma of keeper of the tribute, was Ca e* Cab ja Natt HEADThe 'ands of the 30 ta' house were ca ed z# FAN, ALLE, and Cistitated triḥ a stores The count was called 1 A PAN, and was composed of chefs or speakers and supreme, u'ges, and sat in two cifferent' a 's in the PAN or palace, one of which was called the c art of e The twey i dependent s sal units composing the Mexi an tri'e were ca ed A. , and were hunt avenge any wrong. The ho ding of a parts. Jar territ ry aca535 latest, a Sườnɔn trial worship,,haracterized each one of these calf (11; but the city seems to h ve been the centre of the government, so that there was a charge g-ing an from the tril a stage to that of sand tenure I a. N ALF 111 had its partikalar god, which way wars dipped as a tutelar deity within the temit ry, corse, jernly each xin had its particular teple and Nad a nightt se arate worship Sahagun says that they ffered many the go in the houses what they a ed ca 1, which were itke churches of different quarters, where th se of the same xli gathered tisa prie, a frother ceremities "The great tee of the Mexican tribe was called CATMEGAC, Interpreted the Dark House 1's was the a de of a ihnen as underwent severe tra's pre franary to their investi ture with the rank of Chief FUNGAL had a 'House of Youth ed to the temple I here were hes fedy all. chi dier of nemen CA. ME AC." Beales these, there was a special pa e for the e location of te Inse who were trained for the priesthood dwelt in the huise called |