opaque earthy chert," and the great bulk of them come from the region of the Wady-el-Sheikh, a tributary of the Nile. There is a remarkable resemblance between some of the knives and corresponding specimens obtained by Mr. Petrie from Kahun (Twelfth Dynasty), and also of some of them to "the finest of those from Scandinavia." The age of these implements, and of the flint workings of the Wady-el-Sheikh, is "from 3900 B. C., but more probably from the Twelfth Dynasty." Dr. Forbes wisely refuses to believe that "identity of form in the stone implements is sufficient evidence of unity of race, or of close connection between the races who made them." He doubts, also, the "paleolithic" character of many Egyptian flint implements; holding that the only flint implement "authentically palæolithic are the flakes and very rude scraper-like flints found by General Pitt-Rivers in the stratified, indurated, gravelly debris from a wady near the Tombs of the Kings." Along the banks of the Wady-el-Sheikh cores and flakes were found in thousands, and the question naturally arises: "Why so many thousands, all perfect as flakes,-should have been struck off and never carried away?" The use of the numerous "long bars of stone, partially worked, is also a matter of conjecture. Dr. Forbes' paper is altogether a most valuable and interesting

one.

Under the title

MAN OF THE REINDEER PERIOD IN FRANCE. "Les Stations de l'âge du Renne dans les Vallées de la Vézère et de la Corréze." Laugerie-Basse. Industrie, sculptures, gravures (Paris, 1900, 4to, 110 plates), MM. Paul Girod and Elie Massénat have published a very interesting monograph on one of the most noted "stations" of prehistoric man in France, dating back to a time anterior to the possession of domestic animals by the human beings who populated this region. Pottery, too, is absent from the remains of their culture. As a hunting people, their sense of art was considerably developed, as their animal-sculptures show. But these things are not special to them.

Archeology of BRITISH COLUMBIA. From "Monumental Records" for March, 1899, Mr. Harlan I. Smith reprints (pp. 75-88), an abstract of his valuable and detailed paper on the "Archæology of Lytton, British Columbia," which appeared as Volume II., Part III., May 25, 1899, of the "Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" (New York). One of the most striking facts brought out is the similarity of the mode of life of the prehistoric people whose remains and relics have been studied to that of the Indians of the same region at the present day. The author discusses: Resources, food, tools (of which illustrations are given), war-implements, dress and ornaments, art, and burial-methods.

ARCHEOLOGY OF ONTARIO. The Ontario "Archæological Report" for 1899 (Toronto, 1900, pp. 199), is another evidence of the zeal and activity of Mr. David Boyle, the Curator of the Provincial Museum. Pages 2 to 17 catalogue some 2,400 specimens added during the year to the Provincial Archæological collection, and pages 17 to 51 contain notes on certain of these specimens, among which are included clay pipes, bone articles, and articles of Iroquois folk-use in games, ceremonies, etc. The "rattlesnake shell gorget," figured on page 24, is of great interest, being, so far as known, "the only specimen of its kind found in Ontario," and possessing, moreover, "identity in design with the gorgets described by Professor Holmes," an unsuspected point of contact, perhaps, between Ontario and the Southern States. This gorget appears to have been found "in a large bed of ashes, fully two feet below the surface, on the Sealey farm, Brantford township." To this Report Mr. G. E. Laidlaw contributes (pp. 41-50), an account of archæological investigations in North Victoria County, and Mr. A. F. Hunter (pp. 51-82) a detailed description of "Huron Village Sites in Tay, Simcoe county," a continuation of his valuable archæological monographs on this region of Ontario. Mr. Laidlaw concludes, concerning the region between the waters of Georgian Bay and those of Lake Ontario, of which Victoria County is a parf, "there was a large [peaceful] semi-sedentary popula tion extending along this ancient highway of waters to Lake Ontario." In Mr. Hunter's paper some forty-six village sites are described, and in the introduction, the author points out some popular errors respecting the region in question. According to the author, Victoria Harbor, to which the forest trails so noticeably lead, "was the commercial center of the Hurons, as it has also been of later Algonquins." This, too, was "the heart of the country that was smitten in 1649," when the Hurons were dispersed. Mr. Hunter's paper is followed by a briefer account by W. J. Wintemberg (pp. 83-92) of "Indian Village Sites in the Counties of Oxford and Waterloo," some twelve sites having been examined during the past four or five years by the author in this part of the Province. Village site No. 1, in Blenheim township, Oxford, is noteworthy on account of the copper awls there discovered. The remainder of Mr. Boyle's excellent report is made up of an interesting paper (pp. 92-123) on "The Wyandots" by W. E. Connelly, a translation by Mrs. M. E. Rose Holden of M. Benjamin Sulte's "La Guerre des Iroquois" (pp. 124-151), some "Notes on Some Mexican Relics" (pp. 152-163) by Mr. William Stuart, a detailed and valuable account of the "Music of the Pagan Iroquois" (pp. 166-189) by Mr. A. T. Cringan, and a "Study of the Word Toronto" (pp. 190-198) by General John S. Clark. The last page of the Report is occupied by a brief appreciation of the late Dr. D. G. Brinton.

Mr. Connelly's paper, which contains much of value concerning the clan system and sociology of the Wyandots, is a

little too dogmatic in places, and such statements as the one that the original home of these Indians was in the Ungava district of Labrador, need more proof than is yet forthcoming. The list of clan and personal names given by the author is very suggestive. Mr. Cringan's paper contains the musical notation of forty-seven pagan songs, all belonging to the Seneca division of the Iroquois, which were recorded on graphophone cylinders. It is interesting to learn that the modulation in Dr. Dyke's beautiful "Vox Dilecti" and in a Seneca "After Scalping Song' is accomplished by precisely the same means, "by a leap of a major sixth from the fifth of the minor key." And the author brings out many other curious points of resemblance and disagreement between the music of these aborigines and that of civilized peoples. General Clark's attempt to prove that "Toronto is an abbreviated compound word, somewhat disfigured, but based on kaniatare, lake,' and iokaronte, a gap, breach, or opening,'" can hardly be looked upon as successful, although the ingenuity of the author is much in evidence.

TREPANNING AMONG THE SERVIANS. In the Correspbl. d. deutschen Gesellsch. für Anthropologie (Vol. XXXI, 1900, pp. 18-23), Dr. S. Trojanovic discusses the custom of trepanning among the Servian population of the Balkan peninsula. Since in northern Albania twenty-five per cent. of all deaths occurring are due to blood-revenge, trepanning, as a treatment for wounds of the skull, attains considerable vogue. Another reason for the existence of the custom is the belief that it is a remedy for many diseases and affections of body and mind: Neuralgia, lunacy, headaches of violent sorts, brain-fever, &c. In Montenegro, Herzogovina, and Albania trepanation was carried on by certain folk-doctors called "medig." or "doctor," whose only occupation seems to have been that of healing (wounds especially). In Montenegro this art is hereditary in certain families, e. g. Ilickovic. Since 1856 trepanning has been forbidden by law in the Principality, but the practice still goes on in secret, the Montenegrin "medig" resorting to Albania, etc., where he is unmolested by the Turks. In Servia, itself, aecording to the author, the practice does not appear to have been common, although the "over the border" visits were known there also. Exact details as to Bosnia are lacking. Dr. Trojanovic gives a detailed account of the operation, with comparative notes.

THE FIRE WALK." To Volume XV (pp 2-15) of the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, Andrew Lang, the well-known folklorist and litterateur, contributes a paper on The Fire Walk." Under this head are grouped the te umu-ti, or fire-walking ceremony of the Society Islanders and New Zealanders; the vulavilairevo of the Fijis; the fire-cere

mony of Central Australia; the fire-walking over red-hot charcoal of the modern Japanese; the fire-rite in Mauritius; the performances of the Bulgarian nistinares, or fire-walkers (a faculty regarded as hereditary); the human fire-extinguishers. of Spain; the Hindu fire-walkers of Benares, and some, at least, of the "passing through the fire" of Semitic, Celtic, and other peoples a dim shadow of which last lingers in the midsummer ceremonies of western Europe. These ceremonies, Mr. Lang thinks, deserve examination by medical experts, since "all these usual theories, whether of collective hallucination (photographic cameras being hallucinated), of psychical causes, of chemical application, of leathery skin on the soles of the feet, and so on, are inadequate." Suggestion is, however, a possible explanation.

ARYAN THEORY. M. André Lefèvre publishes in the Revue mensuelle de l'Ecole d'Anthropologie de Paris (Vol. IX., 1899, pp. 84 91) his lecture on "The Indo-European Theory." Much of the discussion on this subject has, he thinks, been sheer waste of brains and ink, the result of a misunderstanding between. ethnology and philology. Dr. Lefèvre thinks also that the Aryan primitive home was somewhere in the region of the Caspian, where still vegetate the degenerate debris of the original Indo-Europeans, driven back and forth by Mongolian invasion and Turkoman barbarism." The author seems a little too conservative on the whole.

In his Herkunft und Urgeschichte der Arier" (Heidelberg, 1899, pp. 58, 8vo), L. Wilser argues ably for the Scandinavian origin of the Aryan peoples, with which seems to be bound up the theory of the superiority of the blond dolichocephalic section of the European white race. The author résumés in brief the facts in favor of the location of the primitive home. of the Aryans in Scandinavia from the points of view of anthropology, philology, history, etc. Wilser considers the much-discussed Etruscans to have been a people of Aryan. stock, closely related to the ancient Hellenes.

ORIGIN OF NEW RACE TYPES. The report of the remarks of Dr. Kollmann, of Basel, upon this subject at the Lindau Anthropological Congress, appears in the Correspbl. der deutschen Gesellsch. für Anthropologie (Vol. XXXI., 1900, pp. 1-5). According to Dr. Kohlmann, the first group of mankind. the primitive horde, originated somewhere within the tropics. The history of the development of mankind may be summarized thus: I. Period of the development of the Species Homo sapiens preglacials (the primitive horde increases; all individuals possess the same characteristics). II. Period of the development of the Species Homo sapiens preglacialis (variation becomes active; races begin to be formed; migration from the

primitive home). III. Period of the development of Homo sapiens intraglacialis and preglacialis (through the effects of variation and of milieu several races have arisen; after migration into the various continents variability still continues, until the morphological race-characters are completely developed). IV. Period of the development of Homo sapiens (from the end of the Diluvium down to the present feeble variability in form of fluctuating changes; no longer are new races or types formed; constancy of morphological characters). The author holds firmly to the doctrine of the essential permanence of race-types since their origin in the dim past of mankind, and makes good use of the recent investigations of Dr. Livi in Italy, and Dr. Boas in America, to strengthen his theory. Crosses and metis-forms arise, but no new races and no new types, no uew varieties or species of man; not even the many "fluctuating characters" of the modern European races seem capable of producing these-no six-fingered, four-nippled, or twelve-incisored race of man has yet appeared. And doubtless will not.

EDITORIAL.

CARE FOR CLIFF RUINS.

The women of Colorado have begun a wise movement. They have organized an association for the preservation of the cliff-dwellings, which are so numerous, and it has been regularly incorporated under the laws of Colorado. It is now the intention to acquire a title to the ruins, either by purchase or a grant from the State. The movement began in 1897, when the President of the State Federation of Woman's Clubs, Mrs. M. D. Thatcher, appointed a committee.

The association is formed on the lines of the Mt. Vernon and Mary Washington Associations. The initiation fee is $2, and annual dues S1. The officers are as follows: Regent, Mrs. Gilbert McClurg, Colorado Springs; first vice-regent, Mrs. W. S. Peabody, Denver; recording secretary, Mrs. J. D. Whitmore, Denver; corresponding secretary, Mrs. C. A. Eldredge, Colorado Springs; treasurer, Mrs. Mahlon D. Thatcher, Pueblo; auditor, Mrs. George T. Sumner, Denver. The charter membership of the association will be held open for six months. Committees will be appointed, and the association will set to work at once to raise money, secure membership, and lay the foundation for a State park.

The area of prehistoric ruins in the Southwest covers a tract of 6,000 square miles, extending from "the four corners into Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. Therefore, the tract of land most valuable for a park has been a grave question at issue with the committee. They have had an accurate and comprehensive map made of the section called Mesa