nected with the land, but at high tide are reached by rude bridges or boats. They resemble the pile-villages of Switzerland in many respects.

The houses of the Tagbuanas resemble the pile-dwellings of the Moros in some respects, but are built above the land. instead of above the water. They are perched high up in the air and are supported by palm and bamboo piles. They also have a pitched roof, and bamboo sides. The Tagbuanas are wild, yet they have a simple syllabic alphabet and scratch their letters in vertical columns on bamboo poles.

The houses of the Magyars are very rude, for several families herd together on a platform of poles protected by a rude roof of rattan leaves. These people are said to be

head hunters. The Mindoros have more permanent houses, though they are very small and unsubstantial. Store houses for grain are placed upon rude frame-works above old stumps, and are mere thatched roofs which cover a plat

form.

Village life prevails in the Philippine Islands, but the villages are composed of separate houses; very many of them elevated above the ground and held in place by poles which resemble piles. A Tagalog village, which is represented in a plate, resembles very closely a Swiss lakevillage. The houses are situated on platforms in a row, alongside of a canal, and are built in very much the same shape as the Swiss lake-dwellings are. Canals are very

(1) The Island of Ponape, showing Volcano.

(3) The Harbor of Ualan. MARITIME STRUCTURES IN THE CAROLINE ISLANDS.

common in the Philippines; they radiate from the rivers in various directions. Fishermen, canoemen, and laundrymen live in huts over the low ground near the canals.

In Tondo one finds the genuine native houses, with bamboo frames and floors, roofed and sided with palm. Destructive fires are frequent in this quarter. Earthquakes are common, as a result one rarely sees buildings more than two stories high. Living rooms are almost invariably on the second stories, the ground floor being used mainly for shops, servants' quarters, offices, or store-rooms.

IV. Our last point will be in reference to the pile-dwellings or pile-villages of Switzerland and the terramares of Italy. These very ancient structures represent a phase of architecture and a style of civilization which prevailed before the opening of history in Europe, but they resemble the structures which are now seen on the Pacific coast and in our New Possessions and are still occupied.

The discovery of these was a surprise to the European

LAKE DWELLINGS

archæologists. It took place in 1853, at a time of long drought, when the extraordinary sinking of Lake Zurich revealed the piles, still standing, and between the piles the ancient hearths, pestles, hammers, pottery, hatchets, and implements of many kinds with innumerable objects of daily use. Nadaillac says:

These relics prove that some of the ancient inhabitants of Switzerland had dwelt on the lake as a refuge, to which they had probably retired to escape from the attacks of their fellow mcn or wild beasts. The discovery of these piles excited general interest, which was redoubled when similar discoveries revealed the fact that all the lakes of Switzerland were dotted with stations weich had been built long centuries before. Twenty such stations were made out on Lake Bienne, twenty-four on Lake Geneva, thirty on Lake Constance, forty-nine on Lake Neuchatel, and others on Lakes Sempach, Morat, Moosedorf, and Pfeffikon. In fact, more than two hundred lake-stations are now known in Switzerland.

The lake-dwellings of Switzerland may be ascribed to three different periods: the first is distinguished by small axes and coarse pottery, which had no traces of ornamentation; that of the second period had large, well-made. hatchets, some of them of nephrite and jade, the pottery is finer and is ornamented including chevrons and other designs, but without handles; a third, by copper weapons and tools, a few specimens of bronze, by stone hatchets skill

Uor M

fully pierced, by pottery vases provided with handles and covered with ornaments, bead necklaces, pendants, buttons, needles, horn combs, amulets made of the teeth of animals, tools fixed into handles of stag horns, by the remains of seeds, grains and cereals, and fruits of various kinds.

The distance from the shore of the most ancient lakedwellings vary from 131 to 298 feet. Of the most recent stations, from 656 to 9×4 feet, The piles of the early age from eleven to twelve inches in diameter; those of the later epochs are smaller. Care was taken to consolidate them and keep them in position with block of stone and tiers of piles. Keller gives to these latter the name "packwerbauten "; others call them "steinbergen." Keller says:

Household utensils, beds of charcoal, ashes, hearth stones, pottery, remains of wild animals, and the piles show that there had once been a regular settlement (or village) The piles stand in close rows and when covered with horizontal timbers aud boards formed a scaffolding foundation for the erection of the dwellings. We know very little of the shape of the huts, except that they were built of poles and hurdle (or wattlework), coated on the outside with clay. The clay was spread on the floor inside the huts, in some cases mixed with gravel, forming a kind of plaster floor. In the middle of the hut was a hearth, made of slabs and rough sandstone. The roof consisted of the bark of trees, straw, and rushes, the remains of which have been preserved in the sand. The occupations of the settlers were of many kinds, but may be divided into the operations of fishing, hunting, pasturage, and agriculture. In some of the earlier settlements fishing nets and fish hooks made of bears' tusks have been found. The bones, which are found in such great numbers, show that there were domestic animals among them. Besice the lake-dwellings were to be found stones for crushing and grinding grain, or mealing stones, and the grain itself has been found.

The tilling of the land must have been simple, and consisted in tearing it up by means of stag horns or crooked sticks, as is done in America. The tillage would have to be enclosed by hedges, as a protection against animals. The settlers cultivated flax of excellent quality, which was spun into threads by means of spindle whorls. Use of the loom was common. Large trunks of trees were hollowed out by fire and by stone celts, and used for canoes. Oak poles were used for spear shafts; mallets and clubs were made out of the knots of trees; boards were hewn out for the dwellings, earthern vessels were found in great abundance; urns with a large bulge and thin sides; a few flat plates and large pots, used for cooking. have been found. The vessels were ornamented with bosses, or with impressions made with the finger, or an occasional zig-zag ornament.

The oldest settlement began in that dark period when the use of metals was unknown, but no difference is to be discovered in the construction of the lake dwellings, between the earliest and latest age. The fact that the erections of the Transition and Bronze Ages were built more substantially, was owing to the use of better tools. It has been remarked that on comparing the implements of the Stone and Bronze Ages from the lakedwellings with those which were found in mounds and in graves and those met by chance on the field, we are not able to discover the smallest difference, either in material, form, or ornamentation. The identity of the inhabitants of the mainland with those of the lake dwelangs appears still more striking, if we compare the settlements (villages The endeavor of the settlers to live together in a sociable manner, is positive proof that they had and knew the advantages of a settled vil ge mode of life, and we have to look upon them, not as a wandering, pastoral people, stui less as a hunting and fishing race.