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with phenomenal lustre, to give assurance to the world, that the death of the body is but the birth of the soul into a higher and a more perfect life. "The emotions" of man are obviously identical with the "animal propensities" of his lower ancestors; and as they ante-date the brain, they are necessarily faculties of the subjective mind. It follows that with man, as with animals, the subjective mind is the store house of ancstral memories, and when we add to these, the perfect memory of individual experiences and of acquired knowledge, we may begin to approach a realization of what a vast store-house of latent intelligence, is the subjective mind of the average civilized man. The fundamental issue resolves itself into this question: does mind ante-date physical organism? If the affirmative is true, it necessarily involves the theistic interpretation of the origin of mind and life; if the negative is true, physical organism necessarily origi nated mind and endowed it with its wonderful powers. How? By an accidental juxtaposition and subsequent union of certain chemical substances protoplasm was formed, and protoplasm originated mind. This, in plain terms, is the atheistic hypothesis of the origin of life and mind."

These quotation, taken at random, will show the character of the look and its method of treatment. The sciologists may not all of them accept the reasoning, yet it is well that this side should be presented. The trend of the argument will be not to show that God is infinitely human, but to prove that man is potentially divine; that the soul of man is made in the image of man.

ZOROASTER, THE PROPHET OF ANCIENT IRAN. By A. V. Williams Jackson Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages in Columbia College University. Published for the Columbia University Press. New York and London: Macmillan & Company, Limited.

Zoroaster, it is believed sprang up in the seventh century before the Christian era, somewhere in the land between the Indus and the Tigris. During the very life-time of Zoroaster if we accept the traditional datesthe Jews were carried into captivity in Babylon, and their return from exile to Jerusalem takes place less than a generation after his death. He became the founder of the Persian religion, and is regarded as one of the greatest masters of the world. A great many legends have gathered about him, which convey the idea that there were as many miraculous events connected with his birth, life, and death, as there were with those of Christ. These have been put together by the author, but in such a way as to make it uncertain whether he believes them to have arisen in a period subsequent to the birth of Christ, and thrown back to the earlier days and applied to Zoroaster; or considers them as genuine and as reliable as those contained in the New Testament.

The biographical sketch shows that Zoroaster was totally unlike Christ, in his personal character, life-work and means of accomplishing it. There can be but little doubt that much of his time was spent in the care of the sacred fire, or in the furthering of the special cult throughout the land." Tradition counts that one of the most important features of Vishtaspa's conversion was his active agency in founding new places in which the holy flame might be worshipped." Fire worship existed in Iran before Zo oaster's time. The spread of the fire cult by Zoroaster is the chief result of his

lite.

There was an ancient enmity between Iran and Turan, which broke out into a war of creeds, but which ended in battles. Victory led to other attempts at universal conversion, but the conversion was to be accomplished by force. Thus we see the contrast between Christ and the Persian Zoroaster.

The death of Zoroaster occurred about 8 C. <3 The writer says: "His is no ordinary end. He perishes by lightning or a flame from heaven, which recalls the descent of the fiery chariot and the whir.w.rd in the apotheosis of Imah '; yet he says: "the accounts of Zoroast rs ceath seem to be legendary. According to Iranian tradit on, bis death WAS

violent, and occurred at hand of a Turanian, whose name is preserved to ill renown."

The book contains an appendix of about 150 pages and a plate representing a very remarkable sculpture, in which are four figures, one of which is supposed to be Zoroaster. The appendix and the biography, as well as the legends and traditions about Zoroaster, are worthy of close study. There is no other book which contains them in such fullness. The science of archæology will need to be called upon before these religious founders of the East can be placed on a level with Christ, the Great Redeemer Thus far it has set back the dates of history and confirms the traditionary view.

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THE YOUNG PURITANS IN CAPTIVITY. By Mary P. Wells Smith, author of "The Young Puritans of Old Hadley," "The Young Puritans in King Philip's War," and "The Jolly Good Times Series." Illustrated by Jessie Wilcox Smith. Boston: Little, Brown & Company.

This is one of the stories which are founded upon the local history of the Valley of the Connecticut in the time of King Philip's War, and incidently gives many details of Indian customs. The worst barbarities of the Indian treatment of prisoners are not pictured, but there are enough to give an idea of the sufferings and dangers through which the early settlers passed. The best side of the Indian character is not seen in any of these books, only the dark side. In this respect they can hardly be called history, for history takes a broader view.

The story of Capt. Smith and Powhattan is certainly different from any of the stories in this book. It shows the friendliness of the Indians and the favors which the white men received, while this book dwells on the atrocit es on one side and sufferings on the other. The author appears to be familiar with the scenery, and has presented the story in its proper setting by way of scenery and natural surroundings. The engravings illus

trate the narrative.

No doubt the volumes will be sought for because of the tragic events that are described, and on account of the local history which is in a manner recorded.

THE MIRACLES OF MISSIONS-MODERN MARVELS IN THE HISTORY OF MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE. By Arthur T. Pierson. Third Series. New York and London: Funk & Wagnall's Company (1899).

There is one fact brought out in this book which will interest our readers: a missionary among the Indians of Canada, so remote from civilization that the word bread was unknown, was endeavoring to teach them, but found it difficult; at last he invented a series of ideograms. He made a character which he pronounced ma; another, ni, and another, too. The three characters were then read together, making the word manitoo. With this he went on, until in less than three weeks some of the Indians could read the Bible in their own language; and in a full year, over eighty per cent. of those in the village were reading the Bible. This man was the famous John Evans, who accomplished so much and whose memoir has been published.

"Ecuador" is the title of a chapter which is very instructive.

In a quiet way the work of civilizing and christianizing the degraded races is going on. The author of the book, Mr. Arthur T. Pierson, is a representative man in this work.

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A YEAR BOOK OF COLONIAL TIMES. Compiled by the Rev. Frederick S. Sill, D. D., member of the Society of Colonial Wars. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company (1899).

This book is printed with every other page left blank, probably with the idea that the calendar, which is continued from the beginning to the end, may be made to embrace events in the Colonial times, which may

come to the knowledge of the reader, and so may be recorded under the day of the month, the year varying according to circumstances. Those who are interested in this period will find it very useful. There is a quotation attending each record of events, which the author has ordered to be printed. If the purchaser follows the pattern, the book will prove in the end a literary treasure, which will vary according to the taste of the owner. It is a novel way of publishing a book, but may prove helpful and suggestive.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1897-98. Vol. II., containing Parts 2 and 3. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1898.

National Educational Association Journal of Proceedings and Addresses of the Thirty-eighth Annual Meeting, held at Los Angeles, California, July 11-14, 1899. Published by the Association.

Triumph and Wonders of the Nineteenth Century; the True Mirror of a Phenomenal Era. A volume of original, entertaining, instructive, historic, and descriptive writings, showing the many and marvelous achievements which distinguish an bundred years of material, intellectual, social, and moral progress. By James P. Boyd, A. M. L. B. Copiously and magnificiently illustrated. Philadeldhia: A. J. Holman & Co.

Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Arrow-points, Spear-heads, and Knives of Prehistoric Times. By Thomas Wilson, Curator, Division of Prehistoric Archaology, United States National Museum. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899. Documentary History of the Campaign on the Niagara Frontier in 1812 (with maps) Part 3. Collected and Edited for Lundy's Lane Historical Society by Major E. Cruikshank, author of "The Story of Butler's Rangers," &c. Welland: Printed by the Tribune. American Journal of Archæology. Second Series. The Journal of the Archæological Institution of America. Issued bi-monthly. Illustrated. Vol. III, No 6, November-December, 1899. Norwood, Mass.: Published for the Institution by the Norwood Press.

Pompeii; Its Life and Art. By Augnst Mau, German Archæological Institution, Rome. Translated into English by Francis W. Kelsey, University of Michigan. Illustrated from original drawings and photographs. New York: The Macmillan Company.

The Africanders; A Century of Dutch-English Feud in South Africa. By Leroy Hooker, author of Enoch, the Philestine," "Baldoon," &c. Chicago and New York. Rand, McNally & Company.

and Pueblos.

BY

STEPHEN DENISON PEET, PH. D.

Editor of the American Antiquarian. Author of The Mound-Builders, Their Works and Relics," "Animal Effigies and Emblematic Mounds,"

"Aboriginal Religions," and other works.

400 Pages, Finely Illustrated.

This book treats of that mysterious people called the Cliff Dwellers, as allied to the Pueblos, who are supposed to be their survivors. It begins with the description of the Great Plateau and its varied scenery, the Grand Canyon of the Colorado coming in as a very important part. Thə author has quoted descriptions from the geological reports, which are very graph.c, and has made the geographical features prominent. The "age" of the Cliff-Dwellers is also spoken of, and their distinctive peculiarities are brought out. Two or three chapters are given to an account of their discovery: First, by the Spaniards; next, by the early American explorers, and later on by the various expeditions which entered the region.

The descriptions of the Cliff-Houses are very graphic and are illustrated by many plates and small cuts, which present to the eye, the wonderful architecture and the strange situation of these Cliff-Dwellings.

A chapter is given to an account of the distribution of the CliffVillages, and another to the traditionary history. This is followed by the description of the various architectural structures, such as the towers, estufas or temples, cliff-houses, store-rooms, balconies, courts, and various apartments. A comparison is drawn between the Cliff-Dwellings and the different kinds of Pueblos which are still standing-some of them in ruins. A chapter is given to the Cliff-Dwellers' relics; others to their social and domestic life; to their agricultural habits; to the contrivances for irrigating; while the final chapter shows the contrast between the CliffDwellers and the Wild Tribes, which at present occupy the region.

The book covers the whole field, and describes nearly all of the structures that have been discovered, including those in Sonora, in the northern part of Mexico. The customs of the present Pueblo Tribes are also described, especially the Snake Dance, which has become so celebrated, and several cuts are given in illustration. No other book has ever been published which is so comprehensive. It is likely to be the standard work for many years to come.

ADDRESS: THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN, 5327 MADISON AVE., CHICAGO.

RETAIL PRICE, $4.00.

THEIR WORKS AND RELICS.

BY

REV. STEPHEN DENISON PEET, PH. D.,.

EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN,

Author of Animal Effigies and Emblematic Mounds, and The Cliff-Dwellers and Pueblos.

THIS BOOK CONSTITUTES VOL. I. OF PREHISTORIC AMERICA.

IT CONTAINS 400 PAGES --FULLY ILLUSTRATED.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER 1.-Mysterious Races

CHAPTER II-Mound-Builders of Europe and America.
CHAPTER III --The Habitat of the Mound-Builder

CHAPTER IV.-The Effigy Mound-Builder-First District.
CHAPTER V-Burial Mounds --Northern District.

CHAPTER VI -Sacred Enclosures-Ohio District.

CHAPTER VII-Stone Grave People-Mountain District

CHAPTER VIII -Migrations of the Mound. Builders-Middle District.
CHAPTER IX.-The Villages of the Mound-Builders.

CHAPTER X.-The Pyramid Mounds of the Gulf States.

CHAPTER XI-Mound-Builders' Defenses.

CHAPTER XII.-Mound-Builders' Houses.
CHAPTER XIII-Mythologic and Religious Structures.
CHAPTER XIV-Relics of Mound-Builders and Indians.
CHAPTER XV-Symbolic Relics of the Mound-Builders
CHAPTER XVI.-Relics from Altar Mounds and Ash Pits.
CHAPTER XVII

Relics Showing Civilization of the Mound-Builders.

This book treats of the Mound-Builders; their occupation, modes of life, religious systems, tribal divisions, and early migrations. The effort is to divest them of all inventions and degradations of the modern Indians, and to show their actual condition during prehistoric times.

The relics of the Mound-Builders are treated at considerable length. They are regarded as works of primitive art, but the differences between them as art specimens are clearly pointed out.

The value of the book is that it contains a comprehensive view of the whole field, and gives information about the mounds and relics of all States and Districts. The design is to present a picture of the people as they were in prehistoric times, and to bring out the real life of the Mound-Builders as it formerly existed.

Orders can be sent to 175 Wabash Avenue, or to the Author at 5327 Madison Avenue, Chicago, Ill. Price, $3.70.

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