P. 123. Note. This note gave Rousseau much anxiety. He wrote and rewrote it while the book was in the press, but finally cancelled it at the last moment. It made its way, however, into some few copies of the first edition (1762), but did not appear authoritatively until that of 1782. At one moment Rousseau thought of writing a separate treatise in favour of the French Protestants, but his own troubles seem to have driven the design from his mind. (See Bosscha, pp. 145-56.) Compare his letters, Œuvres, x. p. 273, xi. pp. 164, 193; see also Lettre à Chr. de Beaumont, (Euvres, iii. pp. 94-96). P. 124 l. 1235. tout prince qui saurait raisonner. An allusion to the story that, while the Huguenot pastors assured Henry that he could be saved in either religion, the Catholic clergy warned him that salvation was possible only in the Roman Church. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. AUTHENTIC EDITIONS, AND MS. OF ORIGINAL DRAFT (a) There are only two authentic editions of the Contrat social: 1. The Editio princeps, published (8vo and 12mo) by Rey, Amsterdam, in the spring of 1762, and corrected for the press by Rousseau himself. 2. The posthumous collected edition of 1782 (Geneva, 17 vols. 4to; 33 vols. 8vo and 12mo), prepared by Rousseau's friend and 'universal trustee,' du Peyrou. The Contrat social is to be found in vol. i. of the 4to edition and vol. ii. of the 12mo, the only two 'formats' which I have been able to use. This edition contains two slight emendations in the text (both in Book IV. chap. viii.) and four additional notes (I. iv., III. vi., IV. vii., and IV. viii.). The former were probably taken from some copy of ed. 1762, corrected by Rousseau himself. Three of the latter (I. iv. and III. vi.) were drawn either from that same source, or from MS. Neuchâtel, 7842, where the two first are to be found in Rousseau's autograph; while the fourth (IV. viii.), which appears in some few copies of ed. 1762 but was suppressed in the rest from motives of prudence, was probably taken from one of the unexpurgated copies. Apart from these emendations and additions, this edition corrects one or two obvious misprints of ed. 1762; it also contains a few variations from that edition, almost invariably alterations for the worse. The natural inference is that both corrections and alterations are due to du Peyrou, who, however, was an extremely careful editor. The net result is that, bating the two emendations and the three additions, the edition of 1762 must be regarded as the final authority for the text. It may be added that Bozerian's edition of 1801 (25 vols. 12mo, Paris), edited by Naigeon and others, claims to have been revised, so far as the Contrat is concerned, from the copy belonging to Romilly and 'corrected by the hand of the author.' Having carefully examined it and found that, except for some variations manifestly due to the caprice of the editors, it is identical with the edition of 1782, I do not consider that it can claim any independent authority. (6) An early version of the Contrat social, Books I. and II., together with a rough draft of the chapter on Civil Religion (IV. viii.), is to be found in the Geneva Library (MS. français, 225). It is in Rousseau's clearest hand, and is evidently the copy which he showed to Rey in Dec. 1760 and which, until the last moment, he intended for the press; 166 the second half of it (Books III. and IV.) has been torn off and lost. Owing to its variations from the final version, this manuscript is of the deepest interest and the highest importance; but, as an authority for the final text, it is obviously of little, or no, use. It was first published by M. Alexeieff (Moscow, 1887); then by M. Dreyfus-Brisac (Paris, 1896). It will be found in my edition of The Political Writings of J. J. Rousseau; and the most important chapter of it (I. ii.), entirely suppressed in the final version, is printed as an Appendix to the present volume. B. REPRINTS OF THE ORIGINAL TEXT 1. Du Contrat Social, ed. Dreyfus-Brisac (Paris, 1896). This work is extremely valuable because, in addition to a correct text-so far as I know, none such had been published since 1782-it contains a reprint of the Geneva MS. with some facsimiles and a number of some previously unpublished political fragments from the Library of Neuchâtel, to which du Peyrou, on his death in 1794, bequeathed all the papers entrusted to him by Rousseau. It is further valuable because of the parallel passages-from Grotius, Hobbes, Locke, Bossuet, etc., as well as from Rousseau's other writings-which it quotes, by way of running commentary upon the text of the Contrat. 2. Du Contrat Social, publié avec une Introduction et des notes explicatives, par G. Beaulavon (Paris, 1903, 2nd ed. 1914). Both Introduction and notes are extremely valuable. 3. Political Writings of Rousseau, ed. Vaughan (2 vols., Cambridge, 1915). This work contains both drafts of the Contrat social, together with all the other political writings. It is based upon the MSS. and the authentic editions, and contains a few further fragments, as well as those published by M. Dreyfus-Brisac : it also contains Introductions and a few explanatory notes. It must be added that the ordinary editions of Rousseau's Works— for instance, that of Hachette (13 vols., Paris and London), which is the one most easily procurable—are full of inaccuracies, which often affect not only the style, but the sense. C. OTHER POLITICAL, OR SEMI-POLITICAL, Writings of ROUSSEAU Discours sur les sciences et les arts, Paris, 1751. Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes, Rey, Amsterdam, 1755. Economie politique (in vol. v. of l'Encyclopédie), Paris, 1755. Extrait du Projet de Paix perpétuelle de l'Abbé de Saint-Pierre, Amsterdam, 1761 (written 1756). Jugement sur le Projet de Paix perpétuelle, first published in collected edition of Rousseau's Works, Geneva, 1782 (written 1756). Extrait de la Polysynodie de l'Abbé de Saint-Pierre (written 1756, published 1782). Jugement sur la Polysynodie de l'Abbé de Saint-Pierre (written 1756, published 1782). Émile, Néaulme, Amsterdam, 1762 (parts of Books I. and V. deal with political theory). Lettres écrites de la Montagne, Rey, Amsterdam, 1764 (Lettres vi.-ix.). Projet de Constitution pour la Corse (Geneva MS. f. 229 and MS. Neuchâtel, 7844): written in 1765, first published in M. StreckeisenMoultou's Euvres et Correspondance inédites de J.-J. Rousseau (Paris, 1861). A more correct text will be found in Political Writings of Rousseau, vol. ii. Considérations sur le Gouvernement de Pologne, first published in collected edition of Rousseau's Works (Geneva, 1782); it is in vol. i. of the 4to ed., and vol. ii. of the 12mo. Besides these must be mentioned the Fragments in the Libraries of Neuchâtel and Geneva, as published in the Books entered under B, and also by M. Windenberger, in his République Confédérative des petits Etats (Paris, 1900). Of these Fragments the most important is L'état de Guerre (MS. Neuchâtel, 7856), the date of which is probably about that of the Discours sur l'inégalité and the Economie politique (i.e. shortly before, or shortly after, 1753-54). D. WORKS NECESSARY FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF ROUSSEAU'S (a) Predecessors of Rousseau : OR Grotius, De Jure Belli et Pacis, 1625. Hobbes, De Cive, 1642; *Leviathan, 1651. Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-politicus, 1670; *Tractatus Politicus, 1677. Locke, Two Essays of Civil Government, 1690. The first essay gives Locke's criticism of Filmer and divine right; the second, which is far more important, formulates his own theory of the State. Bossuet, Politique tirée de l'Écriture Sainte, 1709 (written 1670-80). Montesquieu, Esprit des lois, 1748. (b) Critics of Rousseau : Voltaire, *Idées républicaines, 1762 (Œuvres, vol. xxiv., Paris 1879, sq.). Beauclair, Anti-Contrat social, 1764. Mme de Staël, Lettres sur les ouvrages et le caractère de J.-J. Rousseau, 1788). *J.-J. Rousseau, aristocrate (by Lenormant (?)), 1790. Gudin, *Supplément du Contrat social, applicable particulièrement aux grandes nations, 1791. Mercier, J.-J. Rousseau, considéré comme l'un des premiers auteurs de la Révolution française, 2 vols., 1791. d'Escherny, Eloge de J.-J. Rousseau (in Philosophie de Politique, 2 vols., 1796). Joseph de Maistre, Étude sur la souveraineté (1794–6); *Considéra1 The most essential of these are marked *. tions sur la France, 1796; *Le Principe générateur des constitutions politiques, 1809; Le Pape, 1819; Examen d'un écrit de J.-J. Rousseaui.e. the Discours sur l'inégalité (Euvres, vol. vii. ed. Lyon, 1884 sq.). Benjamin Constant, Principes de Politique, 1815; Cours de Politique Constitutionnelle, 4 vols. 1817-20. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790; *Letter to a Member of the National Assembly, 1791; *Appeal from the new to the old Whigs, 1791; *Letters on a Peace with the Regicide Directory of France, 1796-97. Kant, Rechtslehre, 1797 (deeply influenced by Rousseau). Proudhon, Idée générale de la Révolution au 19me siècle, 1851. Lamartine, J.-J. Rousseau, son faux Contrat social et le vrai Contrat social, 1866. Bosscha, Lettres inédites de J.-J. Rousseau à Marc Michel Rey, 1858. These letters throw much light upon facts connected with the publication of the Contrat. Morley, Rousseau, 2 vols. 1873. T. H. Green,* Works, vol. ii. (Lectures on Political Obligation), 1886. Höffding, J.-J. Rousseau og hans Filosofi, 1896. Bosanquet, *The Philosophical Theory of the State, 1899. Windenberger, La République confédérative des petits Etats, 1900. Faguet, Dix-huitième Siècle, études littéraires, 1901 (19th edition); *La Politique comparée de Montesquieu, Rousseau et Voltaire, 1902; *Rousseau penseur, 1912. Schinz, La Question du Contrat social (Revue d'histoire littéraire de la France, Oct.-Dec. 1912; Jan.-March 1914). Beaulavon, *La Question du Contrat social, une fausse solution (Revue d'hist. litt. de la France, 1913). Masson, *La Religion de J.-J. Rousseau, 3 vols. 1916. See especially vol. ii. chaps. v. (Le problème de la religion civile) and vii. A rough classification of the above writers may be of some service to the student. Broadly speaking, the study of Rousseau has passed, as might have been expected, through two successive phases. There is the period of partisanship, hostile or admiring, on the one hand. There is the period of criticism, more or less discriminating, upon the other. The dividing line may be taken to fall about the middle of the last century: Proudhon being the last of the old order, and Janet, who brought to the task both a very wide knowledge and a very notable grasp of political theory, the first of the new. On either side, room must naturally be made for a few stragglers: Kant and d'Escherny in the earlier period; Lamartine and others, whom it is not necessary to mention, in the later. When we come to particular writers, the two first on our list, Voltaire and Beauclair, represent the hostility of contemporary 'philosophy' to the teaching and, in the case of Voltaire, to the person also of Rousseau. The next five writers, from Mme de Staël to d'Escherny, stand, on the whole, for the spirit of reverent discipleship which marked the era of the Revolution: Mercier fastening upon the more individualist and liberal' side of Rousseau's theory, while the author of J.-J. Rousseau, aristocrate lays stress upon its conservative elements, which are quite undeniable, to the total exclusion of all the |