17. Is your son at home?" asked the gentleman. 18. The answer was, 66 19. Why do you ask?” "Who is who?" is the question. 20. The query is, "Who is who?" 21. We shall soon see who is who. 22. The reply came, 66 "It's hard to tell." 23. Charge for the batteries!" shouted the captain. 24. The captain shouted, "Charge for the batteries!" "Come to see me often," said Col. Smith. 25. 26. Mr. Jones replied, " Come back soon, Colonel." 27. "What are we?" and "Whither do we tend?" are disputed questions. 28. The lecturer attempted to answer the questions, we?" and Whither do we tend?" 66 "What are 29. What we are and whither we tend are disputed questions. 30. How he does enjoy himself when he is at home! 17. A Complex Interrogative Sentence is used to ask a question. It should be marked at its close by an interrogation point, by an exclamation point, or by the terminal mark of a quoted question closing the sentence. Thus, 31. Did the teacher say, " Your answer is wrong, John”? 37. Who exclaimed, "Charge for the batteries"? 38. Why do you ask, "Did he charge for the batteries?" 39. Did the teacher tell you your answer was wrong, John? 40. Who wrote that he didn't want to live always? 41. Why do you ask where I am going? 42. Did the teacher ask whether any one heard him swear? 43. Doesn't he enjoy himself when he is at home! NOTE. In 31, 33, 35, and 37, the interrogation points belong to the sentences; hence they follow the quotation marks. In 32, 34, 36, and 38, the interrogation points belong to the clauses; hence they are followed by the quotation marks. In 39, 40, 41, and 42, the clauses arę indirect quotations; hence no difficulties arise. 18. A Complex Imperative Sentence is used to express a command or an entreaty. It should be marked at its close by a period, by an exclamation point, or by the terminal mark of a direct quotation closing the sentence. 44. Ask yourself often whether your action is right. 45. Stand where you are! 46. Ask yourself often, “Is my action right?" 47. Read more slowly, "He giveth his beloved sleep." 48. Read more forcibly," Charge for the batteries!" Thus, 19. Only the members of Compound Sentences are distinguished as to their use, and not the sentence as a whole. Thus, 49. Where are you? and who are you? (A compound sentence, each of whose members, when standing alone, is a simple interrogative sentence.) 50. A gaudy verbosity is always eloquence in the opinion of him who writes it; but what is the effect upon the reader? (A compound sentence, the first of whose members, when standing alone, is a complex declarative sentence; and the second, a simple interrogative sentence.) 51. Live as though life were earnest, and life will be so. (A compound sentence, of which the first member, when standing alone, is a complex imperative sentence; and the second member, a simple declarative sentence.) 56. REVIEW. EXERCISE. From dictation write and punctuate the fiftyone sentences given in 55, and be able to assign a reason for each mark of punctuation used. 2. TEST QUESTIONS. 1. What are the elements of a sentence? What is a phrase? 3. How does a phrase differ from a clause? 4. How can you change the sentence "The boy studies" into a clause? 5. What is a subordinate conjunction? 6. Name the different kinds of phrases and clauses according to their use in the sentence. 7. How are adjective clauses connected? 8. What connectives are used with adverbial clauses? 9. Select or compose five sentences that contain subordinate conjunctions, and tell the class of each sentence. 10. Select or compose sentences to show five different uses of the noun clause. 11. According to structure, how are sentences classified? 12. What is the difference between a complex sentence and a compound sentence? 13. Select from Composition 13 and 58 (pp. 238, 293, 294) sentences to illustrate as many of the different kinds of sentences as you can. PART III. THE PARTS OF SPEECH. THEIR CLASSIFICATION, INFLECTIONS, AND RELATIONS. 57. NOUNS: THEIR CLASSIFICATION. Point out the nouns in the following: When Governor Andros asked the people of Hartford, Connecticut, to surrender their charter, a patriot, Captain Wadsworth, seized the document and cleverly hid it in a hollow tree. This tree was afterwards known as the Charter Oak, and the spot where it once stood is now marked by a monument, Note that some of the nouns in the above differ from the others by beginning with capitals. This is because they are special names given to individual persons, places, or things to distinguish them from others of the same kind. Is the name Charter Oak given to all oak trees? Is the name tree given to all oak trees? Is the name Hartford common to all cities? Is the name city common to all cities? The names Charter Oak and Hartford are given to a particular tree and city to distinguish them from all other trees and cities; or we may say that the names Charter Oak and Hartford are special names given to individual objects, while the names tree and city are general names given to any or all objects of their class or kind. A special name given to an object to distinguish that object from all others of its kind, is called a Proper Noun. DEFINITION. A Proper Noun is a special name belonging to an individual person, people, place, or thing. All other nouns are Common Nouns. DEFINITION. A Common Noun is a general name belonging to each object of its class. 58. CAPITAL LETTERS. The classification of nouns into common and proper is important because it involves the correct use of capital letters, as is shown in the following parallel sentences: prom 1 Another exception is that words are sometimes capitalized to give them inence, especially in treatises; but this use of capitals should not be encouraged in literature. 2 Words thus used are sometimes begun with capitals. |