17. They kept him waiting.

They__kept/waiting | him

Waiting is a participle used as a factitive complement, and modifies him.

18. The little stream ran rippling through the meadow.

19. I can feel my heart beating.

21. The prisoners advanced, weeping, praying, and singing hymns.

39. FORMS OF THE PARTICIPLE.

How do the participles in the preceding lesson end? The Present Participle. A participle ending in ing is called the Present Participle, because it denotes action or being as still in progress; as, playing, riding.

The present participle is frequently used both as an adjective and

as a noun.

The Past Participle. or being as finished, it played, ridden.

When a participle denotes action

is called a Past Participle; as,

The past participle generally ends in d, ed, t, n, or en. Its chier use is in forming the passive voice and the secondary tenses of the verb (Gr. 96, 110, pp. 156, 181). It is sometimes used as an adjective,

but never as a noun.

The Perfect Participle.

When a participle denotes action or being as completed just before the time represented by the predicate of the sentence, it is called a Perfcct Participle; as, having played, having been playing, having been played.

The perfect participle may be used either as an adjective or as a

noun.

Tell the different kinds of participles in the following sentences; then analyze or diagram the sentences to show the use of each participle:

1. John, driving through the park, met his uncle.

2. John, driven through the park, met his uncle.

3. John, having driven through the park, met his uncle.

4.

5.

6.

There came a thoughtful man,

Searching nature's secrets, far and wide.

The ground-pine curled its pretty wreath,

Running over the club-moss burrs. — Emerson.
Plunged in the battery smoke

Right through the lines they broke.

Tennyson.

7. Genius is an immense capacity for taking trouble. - Carlyle. 8. But winter lingering chills the lap of May. — Goldsmith.

9.

Winds came whispering lightly from the west

Kissing, not ruffling, the blue deep's serene. - Byron.

10. I shall cheerfully bear the reproach of having descended below the dignity of history.-Macaulay.

11. Slow rises worth, by poverty depress'd. — S. Johnson.

40. REVIEW.

66

TEST QUESTIONS. 1. What two forms of the verb have individual names? 2. Why are predicate verbs known as finite verbs? 3. What forms of the verb are not finite? 4. In the sentence They ordered him to go," why is to go not a real predicate? 5. How many uses may the infinitive have in a sentence? 6. Write or select sentences

to illustrate each of the different uses of the infinitive. 7. Define a participle. 8. In what respect do participles differ from infinitives? 9. In what respect are participles like verbs? 10. What uses may participles have in the sentence? II. Select sentences from your reader to show the different uses of the participle. 12. How many forms has the participle? 13. Name and describe each. 14. Compose or select ten sentences, five containing present participles and five containing past participles, and tell how each is used. 15. Select or compose five sentences containing perfect participles.

41. PHRASES AND CLAUSES.

Expanded Parts of Speech. The elements of a sentence consist of the parts of speech of which the sentence is composed. Two or more different parts of speech, however, may be taken together as a single element and used to do the work of one part of speech.

Observe the following sentences and note that the single adjective honest is expanded into groups of two or more parts of speech which, taken together, do the work of the single adjective:

1. An honest man speaks the truth.
2. A man of honesty speaks the truth.
3. A man that is honest speaks the truth.

Observe also that the group of words in the second sentence, of honesty, does not contain a finite verb, or predicate, and that the group of words in the third sentence, that is honest, does contain a predicate.

The group of words in the second sentence is called a Phrase. The group in the third sentence is called a Clause.

In what respect are they alike? How do they differ?

DEFINITIONS. A Phrase is a group of words that does not contain a predicate and that is used to do the work of a single part of speech.1

A Clause is a group of words that contains a predicate and that is used to do the work of a single part of speech.

Exercise.

Tell which of the following groups of words are phrases and which are clauses:

Note the indicated phrases and clauses in the sentences at the top of the next page, and tell for what part of speech each does the work:

1 A distinction should be made between a literary phrase and a grammatical phrase.

A grammatical phrase is made up of two or more different parts of speech, exclusive of the finite verb, that can be parsed separately, and that taken together do the work of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

A literary phrase is any group of related words that convey an idea without making a predication; as, Narrow walls of rock, From bowlder to bowlder. (Comp. 88, p. 328.)

1. An earnest man finds a way.

2. A man in earnest finds a way.

3. A man that is in earnest finds a way.
4. A tree grows there.

5. A tree grows in that place.

6. A tree grows where it is planted.
7. Labor brings reward.

8. To labor brings reward.

9. Whoever labors deserves reward.

A phrase or a clause takes its particular name from the part of speech whose work it performs.

In earnest is called an Adjective Phrase because it is used as an adjective to modify, or make more definite, the meaning of the noun man in the second sentence.

DEFINITION. An Adjective Phrase is one that does the work of an adjective.

In that place is an Adverbial Phrase, used to modify the meaning of the verb grows in the fifth sentence.

DEFINITION. An Adverbial Phrase is one that does the work of an adverb.

To labor is a Noun Phrase, used as the subject of the eighth sentence.

DEFINITION. A Noun Phrase is one that does the work of a

noun.

Point out the Adjective Clause in the above sentences. What is an adjective clause? (Make your own definition.) Point out the Adverbial Clause in the above sentences. Define an adverbial clause.

Point out the Noun Clause in the above sentences. What is a noun clause ?

REMARK. Phrases are sometimes named from the part of speech that introduces them; thus, in earnest may be called a Prepositional Phrase, it being introduced by the preposition in. This, however,