6. The carpenter planed the board smooth.

7. He sawed the board square.

8. He painted the board red. 9. He kept the board painted. 10. He made the board useful. 11. Haste can make you slipshod. 12. It can never make you graceful. 13. We can make our lives sublime.

14.

Shafts of sunshine from the west
Paint the dusky windows red.

34. THE INDIRECT OBJECT.

They made the boy a coat.

Note that this sentence resembles somewhat the sentence given to illustrate the factitive complement: "They made the boy captive."

The word coat, however, does not stand in the same relation to the verb made as does the word captive.

Coat is the object complement, and boy, instead of being a factitive complement used to describe the coat, merely tells for whom the coat is intended.

The janitor gave the blackboard a coat of paint.

In this sentence point out the word that tells for what the coat of paint is intended.

DEFINITION. A noun or pronoun that tells for whom or what the object complement is intended, is called an Indirect Object.

When a verb takes an indirect object, the object complement may be called the direct object to distinguish it from the indirect.

The nature of the indirect object may be seen by placing the direct object before the indirect; as,

1. Owen wrote his mother a 1. Owen wrote a letter to his

letter.

2. She bought him a present. 3. She gave him a book.

mother.

2. She bought a present for him. 3. She gave a book to him.

She gave | book
(to) him a

From these sentences it is seen that the indirect object is practically a phrase modifier of the predicate, having the preposition to or for omitted. In analyzing, call the indirect object a modifier of the predicate, and place it as such in the diagram.

Exercise.

Diagram the following sentences, mention the object of each, and tell for whom or what the object is intended:

9.

David sold the deacon a horse.

10. I wish you good luck.

II. Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul.

35. REVIEW.

EXERCISE. Select the complements in the following and tell the kind of each; also point out the indirect objects:

1. The camel is a native of Arabia.

2. Camels are patient animals and carry heavy burdens.

3. The merchant gave the boy a chance. 4. He made the boy his secretary.

5. By industry he became a prosperous man. 6. Idleness is the mother of all the vices.

7. Poverty wants few things, avarice everything. 8. Nothing is profitable that is dishonest.

9. Faithfulness to duty brought him his reward.

10. Enthusiasm makes men happy, keeps them hopeful. 11. Living is not breathing; it is acting.

12. Hunger makes coarse meats delicate.

13. A good cause makes a stout heart and a strong arm.

14. Work wields the weapons of power, wins the palm of success, and wears the crown of victory.

15. Each moment's use is an investment made for profit or loss in the future.

TEST QUESTIONS. 1. What is meant by a verb of complete predication? 2. What is a copulative verb? 3. Does a copulative verb ever have an object? 4. Why are some complements called attributes? 5. How many kinds of complements are there? 6. What parts of speech may be used as complements? 7. What is an indirect object? 8. How does a factitive complement differ from an attribute complement? 9. From an object complement? 10. Write, or select from your reader, five sentences to illustrate the use of the object and five to show the use of the attribute. 11. Write or select two sentences to show the use of the factitive complement, and two sentences to show the use of the indirect object.

36. INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES.

From the foregoing lessons you have become familiar with the nine different parts of speech, and have learned their uses as the simple elements, or parts, of the sentence; namely, Subject, Predicate, Complement, Modifier, and Connective.

Besides these nine parts of speech there are two other kinds of words which, although not separate parts of speech,

have been given individual names.

They belong to the verb, and are classified as forms of the verb; but both may be used to do the work of some other part of speech in the sentence. The one is called the Infinitive and the other the Participle.

37. THE INFINITIVE.

Using the proper form of the verb study, fill the blanks in the following sentences :

In sentence 2?

form used in 2?

How many boys are spoken of in sentence 1? How does the form of the verb in 1 differ from the Why is it necessary to use a different form in 2? Is the form you inserted in 3 the same as the form you inserted in 4? How many boys are spoken of in 3? How many in 4?

The forms inserted in the first and second sentences are predicate verbs. Those inserted in the third and fourth sentences are infinitives. So far as form is concerned, what is true of predicate verbs that is not true of infinitives?

The predicate verb often changes its form, showing whether the subject denotes one or more than one. In other words, it is limited in form by its subject. Because of this limitation, predicate verbs are known as Finite, or Limited, verbs. The infinitive, however, never changes its form because of its subject.

All forms of the verb except the infinitive and participle are finite. Infinitive means not finite, or not limited.

Examine the following:

In the diagram of sentence 1, what is the predicate, or finite, verb? What is its subject? In the diagram of sentence 2, what is the predicate, or finite, verb? What is its subject? What does the teacher expect? Does she expect the boy? Does she herself expect to study? What then is the object complement? How many parts has the object complement? Why is to study not a real predicate verb?

A predicate verb tells or asserts something about its subject. Does to study tell or assert anything about its subject boy, or does it merely name the action that the teacher expects of him?

In what way does the diagram of the boy to study grammar differ from the diagram of The boy studies grammar? This difference indicates that the infinitive to study is not a real predicate. It merely names the action to be performed by the subject and assumes the doing of it.

DEFINITION. An Infinitive is an unlimited verb form commonly preceded by to and used to name an action or state without asserting it of a subject.

The to is omitted when the infinitive follows the verbs bid, feel, hear, let, make, and see; sometimes also after dare, help, need, please, and a few others; also in a few special idiomatic constructions.

Write sentences using these verbs in such manner that they are followed by the infinitive without to.

An infinitive may be used in a sentence as an assumed predicate, or it may fill the office of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

Exercise.

Analyze or diagram the following numbered sentences, and tell how each infinitive is used: