- Emerson.

2. Slow and steady wins the race. - Lloyd.
3. Small pitchers have wide ears. - Heywood.
4. The path of duty leads to happiness. - Southey.
5. The world exists for the education of each man.
6. The wicked flee when no man pursueth. Bible.
7. England, with all thy faults, I love thee still. - Cowper.
God bless the noble workingmen,

8.

9.

Who rear the cities of the plain;

Who dig the mines, who build the ships;
And drive the commerce of the main !

The weakest kind of fruit

Beautiful trees grow on the hillside.

The entire, or modified, subject of this sentence is Beautiful trees, and the entire, or modified, predicate is grow on the hillside. If we omit the word trees from the subject and the word grow from the predicate, do the remaining words, Beautiful on the hillside, express a thought or make a sentence? If we omit all but the words trees grow, is there a thought expressed? The word trees and the word. grow are the two parts of speech in this sentence which, taken together, make a statement, and are called the simple, or grammatical, subject and predicate; as,

REMARK. Hereafter, when we wish to speak of the grammatical subject and grammatical predicate, we shall speak of them simply as subject and predicate; and when we wish to speak of them and their modifiers, the terms modified subject and modified predicate will be used.

TO THE TEACHER. It should be made clear to pupils that the terms subject and predicate are applied to the words themselves, and not to what is represented by the words. In the sentence Boys play, the subject of the sentence is the word Boys, and the predicate is the word play. The subject of thought, however, is the boys themselves, and the thought predicate is the action expressed by the word play.

Exercise.

Select the subject and the predicate in each of the following numbered sentences, and then diagram each sentence according to the example given below.

Observe in the diagram that a single part of speech fills the place of the subject, and that a single part of speech occupies the place of the predicate. The remaining parts of the subject, you will notice, are arranged on a vertical line placed under the subject-line and joined to it. The same is true of the remaining parts of the predicate: A beautiful tree | stands there.

tree

stands beautiful there A 1

1 TO THE TEACHER. Sometimes an adjective modifies a noun and another modifier together. In the sentence diagrammed above, beautiful modifies tree, and A modifies beautiful tree. If preferable, this distinction may be shown thus:

Two or more words may be taken together to form a single part of speech; as, George Washington, a noun; was honored, a verb.

Exercise.

Select the verbs in the following sentences, and determine those that are made up of two or more words:

Tennyson.

1. She must weep, or she will die.
2. The birds are singing in the leafy galleries.
3. Who can paint like nature?

4. Hope may vanish, but can not die.

5. The day is done, and the darkness falls from the wings of night.

6. The sun has drunk the dew that lay upon the morning grass.

7. What can not be cured must be endured.

8. Nature had nursed me in her lap, and I had grown a dark and eerie child.

9. The rain comes when the wind calls.

10. The fox barks not when he would steal the lamb.

20. MODIFIERS.

In diagramming sentences (Gr. 19) you learned that certain words are joined to the subject, and others, to the predicate. These words are used to modify, or change,

TWO.-3.

the meaning or application of the words to which they are joined.

In the following sentence substitute small for beautiful, and in the orchard for there, and note the change in meaning:

A beautiful tree stands there.

DEFINITION. A Modifier is a word, or a group of words, added to another to change the meaning.

A modifier changes the meaning by limiting (usually narrowing) the application of a word. The word trees applies to trees in general and means all trees. If we add the modifier beautiful, the modified word means only such trees as are beautiful.

21. ADJECTIVES.

Refer to the sentences you diagrammed on page 33, and select the words that are used to modify the meaning of

nouns.

These words are called Adjectives.

DEFINITION. An Adjective is the part of speech used to modify the meaning of a noun or pronoun.

Consult a dictionary for the derivation and meaning of the word adjective.

Exercise.

Fill the blanks with appropriate adjectives, and tell what each modifies:

The class of words joined to the predicate in the sentences you have diagrammed (Gr. 19) are called Adverbs, because they are generally used with verbs to modify their meaning.

They are not always used, however, to modify the meaning of verbs. Sometimes an adverb modifies the meaning

In this sentence the adverb very modifies the adjective beautiful, and the adverb quite modifies the adverb near.

DEFINITION. An Adverb is the part of speech used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

Exercise.

Fill blanks with appropriate adverbs, and tell what each modifies:

1. Write

2. Don't read