Exercise.

Diagram the following sentences, and observe how they are punctuated:

1. It is wrong to tell a lie.

2. It is true that lost time is never found again.

3. It is not good to wake a sleeping hound. —- Chaucer.

4. It is a well known fact that sponges are animals.
5. It's good to be merry and wise.

6. It's good to be honest and true.
7. It was my privilege to be present.

8. It is traitorous to desert one's flag.

9. It was his desire to act the part of a gentleman.

10. It has been finely said that lost time is never found again.

11. Golden beams, the little children of the sun, came to brighten the earth.

12. Elmwood, the home of Lowell, is in Cambridge.

13. Mabel, his little daughter, came quietly into the room.

14. Lucy Larcom, the author of many charming stories for children, lived in Beverly.

15. She was a personal friend of Whittier, the Quaker poet of Amesbury.

16. By Whittier the statement was made that simple duty hath no place for fear.

11. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE — COMPOUND.

Two or more subjects are often connected and used with one and the same predicate; as,

2. Rice and cotton | grow in a warm climate.

DEFINITION. Two or more connected subjects having the same predicate form a Compound Subject,

Two or more predicates are often connected and used

with the same subject; as,

SUBJECT. CONNECTED Predicates.

Hope ebbs and flows.

DEFINITION. Two or more connected predicates having the same subject form a Compound Predicate.

Sometimes a sentence has both a compound subject and a compound predicate; as,

Ex. I. Construct or select from your reader five sentences with compound subjects, three with compound predicates, and two in which both subject and predicate are compound.

Ex. II. Diagram each sentence to show the subject and the predicate.

12. REVIEW.

TO THE TEACHER. The pupil should now be able to recognize the sentence, and to distinguish its logical elements of subject and predicate without much difficulty. This power rather than the mastery of definitions should be the test of the pupil's fitness to proceed further. The following sentences have been arranged to give additional practice.

EXERCISE.

Select the subject and the predicate of each

of the following sentences:

I. Knavery and flattery are blood relations. — Lincoln.

2. Joy comes and goes.- Arnold.

3. The air, the earth, the water, teem with delightful existence. — Wm. Paley.

4. True wisdom is the price of happiness.

Young.

5. He watched, and wept, and prayed for all. — Goldsmith. 6. Flow gently, sweet Afton. — Burns.

7. With the talents of an angel a man may be a fool.

8. Lucky is he who has been educated to bear his fate.

Young.

- Thackeray.

9. Four gray walls and four gray towers overlook a space of

flowers. — Tennyson.

10. It is not all of life to live.

11. It was impossible to retreat.

12. A thing of beauty is a joy forever.

13. It requires perseverance to succeed.

14. What is your name, my brave little man?

15. There is a large elm between the house and the river.

16. Great heaps of yellow apples lay under the trees..

17. The fleecy clouds rest on the mountain side.

18. To bear is to conquer our fate.

19. Fragrant blossoms fringe the apple boughs.

20. Somewhere the birds are singing evermore. - Longfellow. 21. That we are never too old to learn is a true saying.

22. Full often wished he that the wind might rage.-Wordsworth. 23. In the core of one pearl are all the shade and shine of the sea. 24. The flowers of sweetest smell are shy and lowly.

25. A soft answer turneth away wrath.

Wordsworth.

26. The leaders of industry are virtually the captains of the world. Thomas Carlyle.

27. The navigation of the Mississippi we must have. — Jefferson. 28. There is no defense against reproach except obscurity.

Addison.

29. The lover of books is the richest and happiest of the children of men.-John Alfred Langford.

30. Flag of my country! In thy folds are wrapped the treasures of the heart.

31. Let us glory in the title of American citizens. -John Conway. 32. For my voice, I have lost it with hollowing and singing of anthems. — Shakespeare.

33. Lincoln stands forth on the page of history, unique in his character and majestic in his individuality. Like Milton's angel, he was an original conception. He was raised up for his times. He was a leader of leaders. By instinct the common heart trusted him.

He was of the people and for the people. He had been poor and laborious. Greatness did not change the tone of his spirit. It did not lessen the sympathies of his nature. His character was strangely symmetrical. He was temperate without austerity. His love of justice was only equaled by his delight in compassion. His regard for personal honor was only excelled by love of country. His self-abnegation found its highest expression in the public good. His integrity was never questioned. His honesty was above suspicion. He was more solid than brilliant. His judgment dominated his imagination. His ambition was subject to his modesty. His love of justice held the mastery over all personal consideration. Not excepting Washington, Lincoln is the fullest representative American in our national annals. He had touched every round in the human ladder. He illustrated the possibilities of our citizenship. We are not ashamed of his humble origin. We are proud of his greatness.

- From an Address by Bishop Newman.

TEST QUESTIONS. 1. In expressing our thoughts, does it make any difference in what order we speak or write our words? 2. Does a group of words, if properly arranged, always make a sentence? 3. How can you determine whether or not a group of words is a sentence? 4. What do we call sentences that make statements? 5. Those that give commands? 6. Those that ask questions?

7. Give an example of each kind. 8. When is a sentence exclamatory? 9. How do the tones in which people speak help you to understand them? 10. In writing, what helps us to understand sentences? 11. Give orally a sentence in the form of a question that would need an exclamation point after it. 12. Give four rules for beginning and closing sentences in writing. 13. What are the two essential parts of every sentence? 14. In what kind of sentence is one of these parts frequently omitted? 15. Why? 16. Which part of a sentence is called the subject? 17. Why is the other part called the predicate? 18. What is meant by an incomplete expression of thought? 19. How do we punctuate a word used in a sentence as a term of address? 20. What is the usual order of the subject and the predicate in the different kinds of sentences? 21. What is a word called when used merely for euphony in the sentence? 22. When used in exclamation? 23. What does the word apposition mean? 24. When is a word in apposition with another? 25. Give the rule for punctuating appositives.

13. THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

We have learned that a sentence is the complete expression of a thought in words, and that it consists of two parts, the subject and the predicate. We now come to consider the words used in forming the subject and the predicate, and in so doing we take up the study of grammar proper.

Grammar shows how words are put together in sentences, how they change their forms, and why certain forms and not others are correct.

In studying words and their different forms we first divide them into classes, or families, according to their various uses in the sentence.

DEFINITION. The classes into which words are divided according to their uses in the sentence are called Parts of Speech.

14. THE NOUN.

One of the largest and most important classes of words is made up of names. It would be impossible to express our thoughts unless we had names for the things about which we wish to speak or to write.

Select in the following sentences the words that are used as names:

1. Flowers bloom.

2. Beauty charms.

3. Health has gone.

4. Running invigorates.

5. George Washington was honored. 6. Mount Vernon attracts thousands.

Notice that these names represent :