case suffixes beginning with e orí: e.g., e, egh, egha, ígh, ena, í, all meaning " of ".

17.

11. This "e of unity" may sometimes have the force of some of our indefinite pronouns: e.g., áf-e be-y-ár, bring some water; yak-e-á gwashta, someone said; dár-e n-en, there is no wood; edha chi shikár-e asten, is there any shooting here? An chi kár-e khanagh-e, what particular work does he do?

Obs. 1. Proper nouns, the specific terms, sun, moon, etc., are of themselves definite, so that what has been said refers to generic nouns only. Obs. 2. Balochí is not unique in that it has no definite article ; we find none in Sanskrit or in any of the modern Aryan languages.

Obs. 3. This e of unity in the Persian generally has the sound of long í, that is yá e ma'rúf: e.g., kas-í-rá bi-talab, call someone.

Obs. 4. In a negative statement it will generally be found to have the sense of "not a ..."

Obs. 5. Its derivation is from yak, one, with the letter k discarded.

GENDER.

12. In Balochí no distinction is made on account of gender: males are masculine, females feminine, and lifeless objects of no gender. When it becomes necessary to distinguish between the genders, and separate words do not exist, nar, male, and mádhagh, female, are placed before the noun: e.g., gurkh, a wolf; nar gurkh, a male wolf; mádhagh gurkh, a female wolf. The adjectives nar and mádhagh may, and generally do, end in e: e.g., rophask, a fox; nar-e rophask, a male fox; mádhagh-e rophask, a female fox. 41.

13. In some cases the male and the female are denoted by different words. The following list includes those most generally heard:

Masculine.

Feminine.

Adda, a brother (familiar term). Addí, a sister.

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Obs. 1. The terms nar and mádhagh are applicable to animals only. When speaking of your lady cousin you cannot say mádhagh-e nákhozákht! Obs. 2. The adjectives nar-e and mádhagh-e of the Balochí are the naru and mádi of the Sindhí, and the nar and máda of the Persian.

Obs. 3. It should be noted that separate words to represent the feminine exist only in the case of human beings, relations, and the more common of domestic animals. In this, Balochi follows the analogy of the Sindhí.

Obs. 4. In Sindhí we find a few nouns denoting human beings, castes, occupations, etc., that form their feminines by means of the affixes ní, ni, ání, and áini. The affix ání is found even in the case of a few adjectives in that language.

14. A few masculine nouns form their feminines regularly by the addition of ní, as in Urdú and Hindí. Borchí, a cook, makes, borchen, and baira, a waiter, bairen. Most if not all such nouns have been introduced into the language.

Masculine.

Domb, a minstrel.
Jat, a camel herd.

Jarshodh, a washerman.
Gawál, a cowherd.

Feminine.

Dombní, a female minstrel.
Jatní, a female camel herd.
Jarshodhní, a washerwoman.
Gawální, a female cowherd.

Phrushagh, phrushta, to be broken.

Pálenagh, pálentha, to strain liquids.

Chánagh, chánitha, to sift flour.

Mallagh, mallitha, to knead.

Kindagh, kindetha, to spread out.
Do-tál-khanagh, do-tál-khutha, to fold.
Cháragh, cháritha, to hoist.

Dak-janagh, dak-jatha, to solder.
Chilkagh, chilketha, to shine, glitter.
Malenagh, malentha, to polish.

Ma áf-a waragh-án, I am drinking water (I water am drinking).

An di sakhía thúní en, he also is very thirsty (he also very thirsty is).

Thau shudhi en, are you hungry (thou hungry art)?

Hau, thúní dí án, shudhí dí án, yes, I am hungry and thirsty also (yes, thirsty also I am, hungry also I am).

Juz-ún, whard war-ún, let us go and eat (let us go, food let us eat).

Whard taiyár en, is the food ready (the-food ready is)?

Naghan en, shír en, nemagh en, goshd en, ham-chí en, there is bread, milk, butter, meat; there is everything (bread is, milk is, butter is, meat is; everything is).

Chi-e naghan chí-e goshd war-án, I shall eat some bread and meat (some bread some meat I shall eat).

Tha-í láf ser bitha, are you satisfied (thee-of the-belly full has become) ?

Ní thángo rav-ún, where shall we go now (now where shall we go)?

Dirá rav-úň ján-shodhagh-a pha, let us go to the river to bathe (the river-to let us go, bathe to). The particle pha, to, for, for the purpose of, usually precedes the infinitive: pha ján-shodhagh-a, to wash our bodies, to bathe.

Daryá thán phalawa eǹ, in which direction is the river (the river which direction is)?

Ma phol-phurs khan-án, I shall make enquiry (I enquiry shall make).

Án ráhak gushagh-e ma dirá áf kham en, that cultivator states

that there is little water in the river (that cultivator is saying in the-river water little is).

Ráhak ganokh bí; ma dirá რbáz en, the cultivator must be a fool; there is plenty of water in the river (the-cultivator a-fool will be; in the river water plenty is).

Ma sahí ne-y-án, hacho gushagh-e, I do not know, he says so (I informed not-am, thus he is saying).

Gind-ún, let us see.

Dag-a juzún, let us go by the road (by the road let us go). Dag asten, is there a road (a road there is)?

QUESTIONNAIRE.

1. How do you determine in a Balochí sentence whether a noun is used definitely or indefinitely?

2. How is the indefinite article represented? And the definite? 3. What is meant by "the e of unity"? How is it pronounced?

4. What is the place of this e when used with a noun ?

5. How and when does it become an infix? Give an example. 6. What is the literal English of zál, zál-e, zál-e-a, zál-e-á, go zál-a, go zál-e-a?

7. Put into Balochí: a dog, a certain dog, to a certain dog, by a certain dog.

8. Translate into Balochí: bring some water, milk, bread, and meat.

9. What are the rules regarding gender?

10. Give the feminines of bachh, bíng, gurándh, mard.