Quand est-il arrivé?

Dis-moi quand il est arrivé.
Quand (or lorsque) je l'ai vu.
Nous partirons lorsque (or quand)
la lettre arrivera.

2. Pendant que, Tandis que.

When did he come?

Tell me when he came.
When I saw him.

We shall leave when the letter

comes.

Pendant que='while,' 'whilst,' 'during the time that'; tandis que='while,' 'whilst,' 'during the time that,' and also, whilst,' 'on the contrary,' 'whereas':

Le père travaille, tandis que le fils The father works, while the son ne fait rien.

does nothing.

3. Depuis que, Puisque. Depuis que denotes time; puisque denotes cause assigned:

Je suis bien seul depuis que mon frère est parti.

I am very lonely since my brother

went away.

Il me faut rester, puisqu'il n'y a I must remain, since there is no pas de train ce soir.

train this evening.

THE INTERJECTION.

460. Interjections. The commoner interjections and expressions used as such are :—

hé !, or ohé!, or holà !, ho!, hoy! st!, hi there!

NOTE.-Akin to interjections are imitations of sounds: Cric crac !, breaking; drelin, drelin! or drelin, din, din!, ringing; pan pan!, bang; pif paf!, gunshots; boum!, cannonading ; rataplan!, drum; dare dare!, quick movement; cahin-caha, jogging along; clopin-clopant, hobbling; tic tac, ticking, etc.

ABBREVIATIONS.

461. French Abbreviations. The following are the commoner abbreviations used in French :

Mgr. (pl. NNSS.) = monseigneur, S. S. Sa Sainteté, His Holiness. my lord.

EXERCISES.

[The references at the head of the exercises are to the sections in the Grammar on which they are based.]

EXERCISE I, a. (§§ 156-161.)

1. What are you eating? 2. We are eating apples. 3. It was necessary that they should. eat. 4. Who is calling? 5. We are calling. 6. The general leads his army. 7. We shall lead the horses. 8. Who is throwing stones? 9. It will

freeze. 10. He is buying a coat. 11. We never yield. 12. They will never yield. 13. The servant is peeling apples. 14. When will he pay? 15. They never pay. 16. The servant is cleaning the kitchen. 17. We shall clean our gun. 18. The

little girl wipes the dishes. 20. It is freezing.

19. The farmer sows the seed. 21. We are going to school. 22. We went home. 23. They used to go to market on Saturdays. 24. He will send it. 25. The servant is bringing the horses. 26. I send him there. 27. I shall go to school. 28. Let you

them go to the city. 29. It was necessary that should go

there. 30. They will buy a box. 31. Let us bring the children. 32. Bring the children. 33. Let him not throw stones.

34. We have led the horses to the stable. 35. Let us trace a line. 36. We are advancing. 37. They were eating. 38. We ate. 39. They will eat. 40. Let us advance. 41. Let us never yield. 42. Let us call the children. 43. Let us not go there. 44. The queen has been reigning a long time. 45. The children were throwing stones. 46. He led the horse to the stable. 47. He paid the money. 48. The servant wiped the dishes. 49. The child traced a line.

EXERCISE II, a. (§§ 162-166.)

1. He is running. 2. Shall we run? 3. Run fast, my little boy. 4. He is acquiring a fortune. 5. It was necessary that we should run. 6. They will conquer that city. 7. The

general has acquired glory. 8. He gives him consecrated bread. 9. They acquire knowledge. 10. We shall acquire property. 11. There is holy water. 12. Let us not run. 13. Let them acquire it. 14. We are gathering apples. 15. It was necessary that they should gather flowers. 16. He welcomed me. 17. We shall gather them. 18. Let us not start with (de) fear. 19. He assails his enemy. 20. He will assail his enemy. 21. He is sleeping. 22. Let us not sleep. 23. He must sleep. 24. We shall soon sleep. 25. They fall asleep. 26. He is leaving for France. 27. He left yesterday. 28. If he were asleep, I should call him. 29. He will go out. 30. Let him not go out. 31. The water boils. was boiling. 33. When he speaks, he lies. use of it. 35. He will feel it. 36. If he were here, we should not sleep. 37. The water will soon boil. 38. He has run. 39. It was necessary that we should sleep. 40. I have not slept. 41. He never lies. 42. The horses would run, if they were not tired. 43. They ran. 44. We acquired it. 45. The horses run over the field. 46. He does not consent to it. 47. He will never consent to it. 48. Let him not make use of it. 49. We were running. 50. We fell asleep.

EXERCISE III, a. (§§ 167-179.)

32. The water 34. He makes

1. He failed on (en) that occasion. 2. It is a prosperous country. 3. He flees. 4. Let us not flee. 5. They fled. 6. He will not flee. 7. It was necessary that I should flee. 8. Here lies a hero. 9. Here lie the remains of the great Napoleon. 10. I hate evil. 11. Men hate their enemies. 12. Let us not hate our enemies. 13. He hates his father. 14. Let him not hate his father. 15. Was it necessary that he should hate his father? 16. She dies. 17. They will die. 18. Let us not die. 19. It was necessary that he should die. 20. He died. 21. She will die. 22. Let him not die. 23. If they died, we should be sorry for it. 24. That tree is dying away. 25. Open the door. 26. We have opened the

box. 27. He offers me his book. 28. She used to suffer a we should offer you some. 31. We held it.

great deal. 29. If we had any,

30. Columbus discovered America.
him not hold it. 33. I hold it. 34. Let us hold it.

32. Let 35. We

T